כִּי אִתְשִׁיל – בְּעוֹג מֶלֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן אִתְשִׁיל, דְּהָווּ לֵיהּ בֵּית שַׁמַּאי לְחוּמְרָא.

When this question with regard to the measure of liquid was asked, it was not asked about an average-sized person, for whom a mouthful is smaller than a quarter- log . Rather, the question was asked even about Og, king of Bashan, in which case, it is Beit Shammai who are stringent, for Og’s cheekful is much more than a quarter- log .

מַתְקִיף לָהּ רַבִּי זֵירָא: מַאי שְׁנָא אֲכִילָה – דְּכָל חַד וְחַד בְּכַכּוֹתֶבֶת, וּמַאי שְׁנָא שְׁתִיָּה דְּכָל חַד וְחַד בְּדִידֵיהּ? אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבַּיֵי: קִים לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן בְּכַכּוֹתֶבֶת דִּבְהָכִי מִיַּתְּבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ, בְּצִיר מֵהָכִי – לָא מֵיתְבָא. בִּשְׁתִיָּה – בְּדִידֵיהּ מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ, בִּדְחַבְרֵיהּ לָא מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ.

Rabbi Zeira strongly objects to this halakha with regard to the measure for liability for drinking: What is different with regard to eating, in that all people have the same measure, the volume of a large date; and what is different with regard to drinking, where each and every person is liable according to his own measure, i.e., every individual’s measure depends on the size of his own mouth? Abaye said to him: The Sages have an accepted tradition with regard to the volume of the large date, that eating this amount settles his mind, but less than this amount does not settle his mind. However, with regard to drinking, his mind is settled with the amount of his own cheekful, but his mind is not settled with the cheekful of his fellow who is smaller than him.

מַתְקִיף לָהּ רַבִּי זֵירָא: וְכָל הָעוֹלָם כּוּלּוֹ בְּכַכּוֹתֶבֶת, וְעוֹג מֶלֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן בְּכַכּוֹתֶבֶת? אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבַּיֵי: קִים לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן דִּבְהָכִי מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ, בְּצִיר מֵהָכִי – לָא מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ. מִיהוּ, כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא – טוּבָא, וְעוֹג מֶלֶךְ הַבָּשָׁן – פּוּרְתָּא.

Rabbi Zeira strongly objects to this for a different reason: Is everyone of average size satisfied with eating the volume of a large date, and even Og, king of Bashan, is also satisfied with the volume of a large date? If not, there should also be relative measures for eating. Abaye said to him: The Sages have an accepted tradition that this amount settles his mind, but less than this amount does not settle his mind. However, everyone of average size has his mind greatly settled, Og, king of Bashan, has his mind only a little settled. But even so, this measure settles the mind of any person and relieves his affliction.

מַתְקִיף לָהּ רַבִּי זֵירָא: בָּשָׂר שָׁמֵן – בְּכַכּוֹתֶבֶת, וְלוּלְבֵי גְּפָנִים בְּכַכּוֹתֶבֶת?! אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבַּיֵי: קִים לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן דִּבְהָכִי מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ, בְּצִיר מֵהָכִי לָא מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ. מִיהוּ, בָּשָׂר שָׁמֵן – טוּבָא, לוּלְבֵי גְּפָנִים – פּוּרְתָּא.

Rabbi Zeira strongly objects to this further: If it is on account of settling one’s mind, the following question can be raised: If one ate fatty meat, his mind would be settled with the volume of a large date, but if he ate edible grapevine shoots, would his mind similarly settled with the volume of a large date? Abaye said to him: The Sages have an accepted tradition that with this measure one’s mind is settled, but with less than measure his mind is not settled. However, with fatty meat, his mind is greatly settled; if one ate the same measure of grapevine shoots, his mind is only a little settled.

מַתְקִיף לָהּ רָבָא: כַּזַּיִת בִּכְדֵי אֲכִילַת פְּרָס, וְכוֹתֶבֶת בִּכְדֵי אֲכִילַת פְּרָס? אֲמַר לֵיהּ אַבַּיֵי: קִים לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן דִּבְהָכִי מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ, בִּטְפֵי מֵהָכִי – לָא מֵיתְבָא דַּעֲתֵיהּ.

Rava strongly objects to this: For all prohibitions of eating, the measure that determines liability is the volume of an olive-bulk consumed within the time it takes to eat a half-loaf of bread. All forbidden food eaten within that period combines to the measure of an olive-bulk. However, one who eats an olive-bulk over a longer period is exempt. Yet, on Yom Kippur one who eats the volume of a large date, which is a larger measure, is culpable if this amount is eaten within the time it would take to eat a half-loaf of bread. This appears to be a leniency, since one must eat a larger measure in the same time period of time. Why is there not a longer period of time for liability on Yom Kippur, to reflect the larger measure? Abaye said to him: The Sages have an accepted tradition that one who eats within this duration of time, his mind is settled; but one who eats within a longer duration of time, his mind is not settled, and he remains in a state of affliction.

מַתְקִיף לָהּ רָבָא: (בְּכוֹתֶבֶת) בִּכְדֵי אֲכִילַת פְּרָס חֲצִי פְּרָס בִּכְדֵי אֲכִילַת פְּרָס? אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב פַּפָּא: הַנַּח לְטוּמְאַת גְּוִויָּה, דְּלָאו דְּאוֹרַיְיתָא הִיא.

Rava strongly objects to this: The measure for liability for eating on Yom Kippur is the volume of a large date consumed within the time it takes to eat a half-loaf of bread; but the measure for eating impure foods that render one ritually impure is half of a half-loaf, which is two egg-bulks, a much larger volume, and this must also be consumed within the time it takes to eat a half-loaf of bread Rav Pappa said to him: Do not raise a challenge from here. Leave aside ritual impurity of the body contracted through consuming impure foods because that is not by Torah law but by rabbinic law. The Sages were lenient in this matter. If one does not consume that amount of impure food within this time period, he is not rendered impure.

וּמִי אֲמַר רַב פַּפָּא הָכִי? וְהָכְתִיב: ״וְלֹא תִטַּמְּאוּ בָּהֶם וְנִטְמֵתֶם בָּם״ וְאֲמַר רַב פַּפָּא: מִכָּאן שֶׁטּוּמְאַת גְּוִויָּה דְּאוֹרַיְיתָא! מִדְּרַבָּנַן, וּקְרָא אַסְמַכְתָּא בְּעָלְמָא.

The Gemara challenges this: But did Rav Pappa actually say that the rendering of ritual impurity of the body through the consumption of impure foods is by rabbinic law? But he appears to say the opposite in another statement: Isn’t it written: “You shall not make yourselves detestable with any creeping thing that creeps, neither shall you make yourselves impure with them, that you should be impure thereby” (Leviticus 11:43). And Rav Pappa said: From here, from the Torah’s usage of the word “impure” with regard to the prohibition of eating, we learn that ritual impurity of the body is by Torah law. The Gemara answers: Rav Pappa did not mean that the law is actually Torah law. The law is indeed rabbinic law, and the verse brought as proof is a mere support.

״כָּל הָאוֹכָלִין״. אֲמַר רַב פַּפָּא: אָכַל אוּמְצָא וּמִילְחָא – מִצְטָרֵף, וְאַף עַל גַּב דְּלָאו אֲכִילָה הִיא, כֵּיוָן דְּאָכְלִי אֱינָשֵׁי – מִצְטָרְפִין. אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: צִיר שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי יָרָק מִצְטָרֵף לְכַכּוֹתֶבֶת בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. פְּשִׁיטָא! מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: מַשְׁקֶה הוּא, קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן: כָּל אַכְשׁוּרֵי אוּכְלָא – אוּכְלָא הוּא.

§ We learned in the mishna: All types of foods combine Rav Pappa said: If one ate meat and the salt that was on it, these combine to make the volume of a large date. Although consuming salt alone is not considered eating, since people do eat meat with salt together, they combine into one measure. Similarly, Reish Lakish said: Brine on a vegetable combines with the vegetable to make the volume of a large date with regard to the prohibition of eating on Yom Kippur. The Gemara expresses surprise at this: It is obvious. Why should the brine not combine with the vegetable, considering that it is itself food? The Gemara answers: Lest you say that brine is a beverage, and food and drinks do not combine, it teaches us that any item that prepares food for eating is considered a food.

אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: הָאוֹכֵל אֲכִילָה גַּסָּה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים פָּטוּר, מַאי טַעְמָא ״אֲשֶׁר לֹא תְעוּנֶּה״ כְּתִיב, פְּרָט לַמַּזִּיק,

§ Reish Lakish said: One who eats in an excessive manner on Yom Kippur, to the degree that he forces himself to continue eating even when full is exempt, e.g., one who ate beyond being satiated on Yom Kippur eve and then ate something else as soon as the fast began. What is the reason for that? Because the Torah does not mention the prohibition of eating on Yom Kippur, but it was written “any soul which shall not be afflicted in that same day, he shall be cut off from his people” (Leviticus 23:29), excluding one who harms himself,

אֲמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: זָר שֶׁאָכַל תְּרוּמָה אֲכִילָה גַּסָּה – מְשַׁלֵּם אֶת הַקֶּרֶן וְאֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּם אֶת הַחוֹמֶשׁ, ״כִּי יֹאכַל״ – פְּרָט לַמַּזִּיק. אָמַר רַבִּי יִרְמְיָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: זָר

Similarly, Rabbi Yirmeya said that Reish Lakish said: A non-priest who ate teruma in an excessive manner pays the principal, that which he took, and does not pay the additional fifth, which one who illegally eats teruma pays to the priest as a penalty. This is because it states about one who eats teruma : “And if a man eat of the sacred thing in error, then he shall add a fifth to it, and give the priest the sacred thing” (Leviticus 22:14). The word “eat” excludes one who is not eating but harming himself. He does, however, pay the principal, since he caused a loss to the priest. The fifth is only paid by one who eats normally, not excessively. Similarly, Rabbi Yirmeya said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: A non-priest