מֵיתִיבִי: ״וְלָבְשׁוּ בְּגָדִים אֲחֵרִים וְלֹא יְקַדְּשׁוּ אֶת הָעָם בְּבִגְדֵיהֶם״

The Gemara raises an objection. It is stated: “And it shall be that when they enter in at the gates of the inner court, they shall be clothed with linen garments; and no wool shall come upon them, while they minister in the gates of the inner court, and within” (Ezekiel 44:17). This verse is referring to the Yom Kippur service, as during the year the High Priest performed the service in eight priestly vestments made partially of wool. Two verses later the prophet says: “And when they go forth into the outer court, into the outer court to the people, they shall remove their garments in which they serve, and lay them in the sacred chambers, and they shall put on other garments, so that they do not sanctify the people with their garments” (Ezekiel 44:19).

מַאי לָאו ״אֲחֵרִים״ – חֲשׁוּבִין מֵהֶן! לֹא, ״אֲחֵרִים״ – פְּחוּתִים מֵהֶן.

The Gemara infers: What, doesn’t “other” mean more important than the first set of linen garments? The Gemara rejects this: No, although “other” means different garments, it means garments inferior to them, the first set of linen garments. The High Priest does not don a second set of garments to effect atonement; rather, he dons them in deference to God to remove the spoon and the coal pan from the Holy of Holies.

תָּנֵי רַב הוּנָא בַּר יְהוּדָה, וְאָמְרִי לָהּ רַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר יְהוּדָה: אַחַר שֶׁכָּלְתָה עֲבוֹדַת צִיבּוּר, כֹּהֵן שֶׁעָשְׂתָה לוֹ אִמּוֹ כְּתוֹנֶת לוֹבְשָׁהּ וְעוֹבֵד בָּהּ עֲבוֹדַת יָחִיד, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁיִּמְסְרֶנָּה לַצִּיבּוּר. פְּשִׁיטָא!

Rav Huna bar Yehuda, and some say Rav Shmuel bar Yehuda, taught: After the public service concluded, a priest whose mother had made him a priestly tunic may wear it and perform an individual service while wearing it, such as removal of the spoon and the coal pan, which is not a service in and of itself, provided he transfers it to the possession of public. All services performed by the priest must be performed while he is wearing sacred garments owned by the public, as all the Temple vessels are. The Gemara asks: This is obvious; once he transfers it to the possession of the public, it is Temple property like any other vessel that an individual donates to the Temple. What is novel in this statement?

מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: נֵיחוּשׁ שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִמְסְרֶנָּה יָפֶה יָפֶה, קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן. אָמְרוּ עָלָיו עַל רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בֶּן פָּאבִּי שֶׁעָשְׂתָה לוֹ אִמּוֹ כְּתוֹנֶת שֶׁל מֵאָה מָנֶה, וְלוֹבְשָׁהּ, וְעוֹבֵד בָּהּ עֲבוֹדַת יָחִיד, וּמְסָרָהּ לַצִּיבּוּר.

The Gemara answers: Lest you say that the concern is that since he is the one wearing it perhaps he will intend to retain ownership and will not transfer it wholeheartedly; therefore, it teaches us that if he transfers possession to the public, that is not a concern. Apropos this halakha , the Gemara relates: They said about the High Priest Rabbi Yishmael ben Pabi that his mother made him a tunic worth one hundred maneh . He donned it and performed an individual service and transferred possession of it to the public.

אָמְרוּ עָלָיו עַל רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן חַרְסוּם שֶׁעָשְׂתָה לוֹ אִמּוֹ כְּתוֹנֶת מִשְּׁתֵּי רִיבּוֹא, וְלֹא הִנִּיחוּהוּ אֶחָיו הַכֹּהֲנִים לְלוֹבְשָׁהּ, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאָה כְּעָרוֹם. וּמִי מִתְחֲזֵי? וְהָאָמַר מָר: חוּטָן כָּפוּל שִׁשָּׁה! אָמַר אַבַּיֵי: כְּחַמְרָא בְּמִזְגָּא.

And similarly, they said about the High Priest Rabbi Elazar ben Ḥarsum that his mother made him a tunic worth twenty thousand dinars, but his fellow priests did not allow him to wear it because it was transparent and he appeared as one who is naked. The Gemara asks: And could he be seen through a garment made to the specifications of the priestly vestments? Didn’t the Master say: The threads of the priestly vestments were six-fold? Since the clothes were woven from threads that thick, his body could not have been seen through them. Abaye said: It is like wine in a thick glass cup.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: עָנִי וְעָשִׁיר וְרָשָׁע בָּאִין לַדִּין, לֶעָנִי אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא עָסַקְתָּ בַּתּוֹרָה? אִם אוֹמֵר: עָנִי הָיִיתִי וְטָרוּד בִּמְזוֹנוֹתַי אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: כְּלוּם עָנִי הָיִיתָ יוֹתֵר מֵהִלֵּל?

§ Apropos the great wealth of Rabbi Elazar ben Ḥarsum, the Gemara cites that which the Sages taught: A poor person, and a wealthy person, and a wicked person come to face judgment before the Heavenly court for their conduct in this world. To the poor person, the members of the court say: Why did you not engage in Torah? If he rationalizes his conduct and says: I was poor and preoccupied with earning enough to pay for my sustenance and that is why I did not engage in Torah study, they say to him: Were you any poorer than Hillel, who was wretchedly poor and nevertheless attempted to study Torah?

אָמְרוּ עָלָיו עַל הִלֵּל הַזָּקֵן שֶׁבְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם הָיָה עוֹשֶׂה וּמִשְׂתַּכֵּר בִּטְרַפָּעִיק, חֶצְיוֹ הָיָה נוֹתֵן לְשׁוֹמֵר בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ, וְחֶצְיוֹ לְפַרְנָסָתוֹ וּלְפַרְנָסַת אַנְשֵׁי בֵיתוֹ. פַּעַם אַחַת לֹא מָצָא לְהִשְׂתַּכֵּר, וְלֹא הִנִּיחוֹ שׁוֹמֵר בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ לְהִכָּנֵס. עָלָה וְנִתְלָה וְיָשַׁב עַל פִּי אֲרוּבָּה כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּשְׁמַע דִּבְרֵי אֱלֹהִים חַיִּים מִפִּי שְׁמַעְיָה וְאַבְטַלְיוֹן.

They said about Hillel the Elder that each and every day he would work and earn a half-dinar, half of which he would give to the guard of the study hall and half of which he spent for his sustenance and the sustenance of the members of his family. One time he did not find employment to earn a wage, and the guard of the study hall did not allow him to enter. He ascended to the roof, suspended himself, and sat at the edge of the skylight in order to hear the words of the Torah of the living God from the mouths of Shemaya and Avtalyon, the spiritual leaders of that generation.

אָמְרוּ: אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת הָיָה, וּתְקוּפַת טֵבֵת הָיְתָה, וְיָרַד עָלָיו שֶׁלֶג מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם. כְּשֶׁעָלָה עַמּוּד הַשַּׁחַר אָמַר לוֹ שְׁמַעְיָה לְאַבְטַלְיוֹן: אַבְטַלְיוֹן אָחִי! בְּכָל יוֹם הַבַּיִת מֵאִיר, וְהַיּוֹם אָפֵל, שֶׁמָּא יוֹם הַמְעוּנָּן הוּא? הֵצִיצוּ עֵינֵיהֶן וְרָאוּ דְּמוּת אָדָם בָּאֲרוּבָּה, עָלוּ וּמָצְאוּ עָלָיו רוּם שָׁלֹשׁ אַמּוֹת שֶׁלֶג. פְּרָקוּהוּ, וְהִרְחִיצוּהוּ, וְסִיכּוּהוּ, וְהוֹשִׁיבוּהוּ כְּנֶגֶד הַמְדוּרָה. אָמְרוּ: רָאוּי זֶה לְחַלֵּל עָלָיו אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת.

The Sages continued and said: That day was Shabbat eve and it was the winter season of Tevet, and snow fell upon him from the sky. When it was dawn, Shemaya said to Avtalyon: Avtalyon, my brother, every day at this hour the study hall is already bright from the sunlight streaming through the skylight, and today it is dark; is it perhaps a cloudy day? They focused their eyes and saw the image of a man in the skylight. They ascended and found him covered with snow three cubits high. They extricated him from the snow, and they washed him and smeared oil on him, and they sat him opposite the bonfire to warm him. They said: This man is worthy for us to desecrate Shabbat for him. Saving a life overrides Shabbat in any case; however, this great man is especially deserving. Clearly, poverty is no excuse for the failure to attempt to study Torah.

עָשִׁיר אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא עָסַקְתָּ בַּתּוֹרָה? אִם אוֹמֵר עָשִׁיר הָיִיתִי וְטָרוּד הָיִיתִי בִּנְכָסַי אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: כְּלוּם עָשִׁיר הָיִיתָ יוֹתֵר מֵרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר? אָמְרוּ עָלָיו עַל רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן חַרְסוּם שֶׁהִנִּיחַ לוֹ אָבִיו אֶלֶף עֲיָירוֹת בַּיַּבָּשָׁה, וּכְנֶגְדָּן אֶלֶף סְפִינוֹת בַּיָּם, וּבְכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם נוֹטֵל נֹאד שֶׁל קֶמַח עַל כְּתֵיפוֹ וּמְהַלֵּךְ מֵעִיר לְעִיר וּמִמְּדִינָה לִמְדִינָה לִלְמוֹד תּוֹרָה.

And if a wealthy man comes before the heavenly court, the members of the court say to him: Why did you not engage in Torah? If he says: I was wealthy and preoccupied with managing my possessions, they say to him: Were you any wealthier than Rabbi Elazar, who was exceedingly wealthy and nevertheless studied Torah? They said about Rabbi Elazar ben Ḥarsum that his father left him an inheritance of one thousand villages on land, and corresponding to them, one thousand ships at sea. And each and every day he takes a leather jug of flour on his shoulder and walks from city to city and from state to state to study Torah from the Torah scholars in each of those places.

פַּעַם אַחַת מְצָאוּהוּ עֲבָדָיו וְעָשׂוּ בּוֹ אַנְגַּרְיָא. אָמַר לָהֶן: בְּבַקָּשָׁה מִכֶּם, הֲנִיחוּנִי וְאֵלֵךְ לִלְמוֹד תּוֹרָה! אָמְרוּ לוֹ: חַיֵּי רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן חַרְסוּם שֶׁאֵין מַנִּיחִין אוֹתְךָ! וּמִיָּמָיו לֹא הָלַךְ וְרָאָה אוֹתָן, אֶלָּא יוֹשֵׁב וְעוֹסֵק בַּתּוֹרָה כָּל הַיּוֹם וְכָל הַלַּיְלָה.

One time as he passed through the villages in his estate and his servants found him, did not recognize him, and, thinking he was a resident of the town, they pressed him into service [ angarya ] for the master of the estate. He said to them: I beseech you; let me be and I will go study Torah. They said: We swear by the life of Rabbi Elazar ben Ḥarsum that we will not let you be. The Gemara comments: And in all his days, he never went and saw all his possessions and his property; rather, he would sit and engage in the study of Torah all day and all night.

רָשָׁע אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: מִפְּנֵי מָה לֹא עָסַקְתָּ בַּתּוֹרָה? אִם אָמַר: נָאֶה הָיִיתִי וְטָרוּד בְּיִצְרִי (הָיָה) אוֹמְרִים לוֹ: כְּלוּם נָאֶה הָיִיתָ מִיּוֹסֵף? אָמְרוּ עָלָיו עַל יוֹסֵף הַצַּדִּיק: בְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם הָיְתָה אֵשֶׁת פּוֹטִיפַר מְשַׁדַּלְתּוֹ בִּדְבָרִים, בְּגָדִים שֶׁלָּבְשָׁה לוֹ שַׁחֲרִית לֹא לָבְשָׁה לוֹ עַרְבִית, בְּגָדִים שֶׁלָּבְשָׁה לוֹ עַרְבִית לֹא לָבְשָׁה לוֹ שַׁחֲרִית.

And if a wicked man comes to judgment, the members of the court say to him: Why did you not engage in Torah? If he said: I was handsome and preoccupied with my evil inclination, as I had many temptations, they say to him: Were you any more handsome than Joseph, who did not neglect Torah despite his beauty? They said about Joseph the righteous: Each and every day, the wife of Potiphar seduced him with words. In addition, the clothes that she wore to entice him in the morning, she did not wear to entice him in the evening. The clothes that she wore to entice him in the evening, she did not wear to entice him in the morning of the next day.

אָמְרָה לוֹ: הִשָּׁמַע לִי! אָמַר לָהּ: לָאו. אָמְרָה לוֹ: הֲרֵינִי חוֹבַשְׁתְּךָ בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִין. אָמַר לָהּ: ״ה׳ מַתִּיר אֲסוּרִים״ – הֲרֵינִי כּוֹפֶפֶת קוֹמָתְךָ – ״ה׳ זוֹקֵף כְּפוּפִים״ – הֲרֵינִי מְסַמֵּא אֶת עֵינֶיךָ – ״ה׳ פּוֹקֵחַ עִוְּרִים״. נָתְנָה לוֹ אֶלֶף כִּכְּרֵי כֶּסֶף לִשְׁמוֹעַ אֵלֶיהָ ״לִשְׁכַּב אֶצְלָהּ לִהְיוֹת עִמָּהּ״ וְלֹא רָצָה לִשְׁמוֹעַ אֵלֶיהָ.

One day she said to him: Submit to me and have relations with me. He said to her: No. She said to him: I will incarcerate you in the prison. He said to her: I do not fear you, as it is stated: “God releases prisoners” (Psalms 146:7). She said to him: I will cause you to be bent over with suffering. He said: “God straightens those who are bent over” (Psalms 146:8). She said I will blind your eyes. He said to her “God opens the eyes of the blind” (Psalms 146:8). She gave him a thousand talents of silver to submit to her, “to lie with her and be with her” (Genesis 39:10), and he refused.

״לִשְׁכַּב אֶצְלָהּ״ – בְּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, ״לִהְיוֹת עִמָּהּ״ – לְעוֹלָם הַבָּא. נִמְצָא, הִלֵּל מְחַיֵּיב אֶת הָעֲנִיִּים, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן חַרְסוּם מְחַיֵּיב אֶת הָעֲשִׁירִים, יוֹסֵף מְחַיֵּיב אֶת הָרְשָׁעִים.

The Gemara elaborates: Had he submitted to her to lie with her in this world, it would have been decreed in Heaven that he would be with her in the World-to-Come. Therefore, he refused. Consequently, Hillel obligates the poor to study Torah, Rabbi Elazar ben Ḥarsum obligates the wealthy, and Joseph obligates the wicked. For each category of people, there is a role model who overcame his preoccupations and temptations to study Torah.

מתני׳ בָּא לוֹ אֵצֶל פָּרוֹ, וּפָרוֹ הָיָה עוֹמֵד בֵּין הָאוּלָם וְלַמִּזְבֵּחַ, רֹאשׁוֹ לַדָּרוֹם וּפָנָיו לַמַּעֲרָב, וְהַכֹּהֵן עוֹמֵד בַּמִּזְרָח וּפָנָיו לַמַּעֲרָב. וְסוֹמֵךְ שְׁתֵּי יָדָיו עָלָיו וּמִתְוַדֶּה.

The High Priest comes and stands next to his bull, and his bull was standing between the Entrance Hall and the altar with its head facing to the south and its face to the west. And the priest stands to the east of the bull, and his face points to the west. And the priest places his two hands on the bull and confesses.

וְכָךְ הָיָה אוֹמֵר: אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם! עָוִיתִי, פָּשַׁעְתִּי, חָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ, אֲנִי וּבֵיתִי. אָנָּא הַשֵּׁם! כַּפֵּר נָא לָעֲוֹנוֹת וְלַפְּשָׁעִים וְלַחֲטָאִים שֶׁעָוִיתִי וְשֶׁפָּשַׁעְתִּי וְשֶׁחָטָאתִי לְפָנֶיךָ אֲנִי וּבֵיתִי, כַּכָּתוּב בְּתוֹרַת מֹשֶׁה עַבְדֶּךָ: ״כִּי בַיּוֹם הַזֶּה יְכַפֵּר״ וגו׳. וְהֵן עוֹנִין אַחֲרָיו: בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד.

And this is what he would say in his confession: Please, God, I have sinned, I have done wrong, and I have rebelled before You, I and my family. Please, God, grant atonement, please, for the sins, and for the wrongs, and for the rebellions that I have sinned, and done wrong, and rebelled before You, I and my family, as it is written in the Torah of Moses your servant: “For on this day atonement shall be made for you to cleanse you of all your sins; you shall be clean before the Lord” (Leviticus 16:30). And the priests and the people who were in the courtyard respond after he recites the name of God: Blessed be the name of His glorious kingdom forever and all time.