חֻצַּבְתֶּם וְאֶל מַקֶּבֶת בּוֹר נֻקַּרְתֶּם״ וּכְתִיב ״הַבִּיטוּ אֶל אַבְרָהָם אֲבִיכֶם וְאֶל שָׂרָה תְּחוֹלֶלְכֶם״.

from where you were hewn, and to the hole of the pit from where you were dug” (Isaiah 51:1), and it is written in the next verse: “Look to Abraham your father and to Sarah who bore you” (Isaiah 51:2), which indicates that sexual organs were fashioned for them, signified by the words hewn and dug, over the course of time.

אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר אֲבוּהּ: שָׂרָה אִמֵּנוּ אַיְלוֹנִית הָיְתָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וַתְּהִי שָׂרַי עֲקָרָה אֵין לָהּ וָלָד״ אֲפִילּוּ בֵּית וָלָד אֵין לָהּ.

Rav Naḥman said that Rabba bar Avuh said: Our mother Sarah was initially a sexually underdeveloped woman [ aylonit ], as it is stated: “And Sarah was barren; she had no child” (Genesis 11:30). The superfluous words: “She had no child,” indicate that she did not have even a place, i.e., a womb, for a child.

אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר שֵׁילַת מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא בַּדּוֹרוֹת הָרִאשׁוֹנִים, שֶׁשְּׁנוֹתֵיהֶן מְרוּבּוֹת. אֲבָל בַּדּוֹרוֹת הָאַחֲרוֹנִים שֶׁשְּׁנוֹתֵיהֶן מוּעָטוֹת – שְׁתֵּי שָׁנִים וּמֶחֱצָה, כְּנֶגֶד שְׁלֹשָׁה עִיבּוּרִים. רַבָּה אָמַר רַב נַחְמָן: שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים, כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלֹשׁ פְּקִידוֹת. דַּאֲמַר מָר: בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה נִפְקְדוּ שָׂרָה רָחֵל וְחַנָּה.

Rav Yehuda, son of Rav Shmuel bar Sheilat, said in the name of Rav: They taught that he waits ten years only with regard to the people who lived in former generations, whose years were numerous, i.e., they lived longer. However, with regard to the people who live in later generations, whose years are few, he waits only two and half years before divorcing her, corresponding to the time period of three pregnancies. Rabba said in the name of Rav Naḥman: He waits three years, corresponding to the three remembrances of barren women by God, as the Master said: On Rosh HaShana Sarah, Rachel, and Hannah were remembered, i.e., God gave them children. Since God determines on Rosh HaShana whether barren women will conceive that year, one may remain married until three such opportunities have passed.

אֲמַר רַבָּה: לֵיתְנְהוּ לְהָנֵי כְּלָלֵי. מִכְּדִי מַתְנִיתִין מַאן תַּקֵּין – רַבִּי, וְהָא בִּימֵי דָּוִד אִימְעוּט שְׁנֵי, דִּכְתִיב ״יְמֵי שְׁנוֹתֵינוּ בָּהֶם שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה״.

However, Rabba himself said: These principles are not accepted as halakha . Why not? Now consider, who established the content of the mishna? Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. Yet, in the days of King David, many years before the time of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, the years of an average lifespan were already diminished, as it is written: “The days of our years are seventy years, and if with strength eighty years” (Psalms 90:10). Consequently, if Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi included in the mishna the statement that one remains married for ten years, that must apply even nowadays.

וְהַאי ״שֶׁמָּא לֹא זָכָה לְהִבָּנוֹת הֵימֶנָּה״ וְדִלְמָא אִיהִי דְּלָא זַכְיָא! אִיהִי, כֵּיוָן דְּלָא מִפַּקְדָא אַפְּרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה – לָא מִיעַנְשָׁה.

The Gemara asks about the language of the baraita . And what about this expression: Perhaps he did not merit to be built from her; perhaps it was she who did not merit to build a family. The Gemara answers: She, since she is not commanded to be fruitful and multiply, is not punished. Their worthiness therefore depends on him, not her.

אִינִי? וְהָא אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ רַבָּנַן לְרַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר זַבְדָּא: נְסֵיב אִיתְּתָא וְאוֹלֵיד בְּנֵי! וַאֲמַר לְהוּ: אִי זְכַאי – הָווּ לִי מִקַּמַּיְיתָא. הָתָם דַּחוּי קָא מַדְחֵי לְהוּ לְרַבָּנַן. דְּרַבִּי אַבָּא בַּר זַבְדָּא אִיעֲקַר מִפִּרְקֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא,

The Gemara challenges the mishna’s statement that if one did not have children after ten years he should marry a different woman. Is that so? Didn’t the Sages say to Rabbi Abba bar Zavda: Marry a woman and have children, and he said to them: If I had merited, I would already have children from my first wife? This indicates that there is no obligation to remarry if one did not have children with his first wife. The Gemara answers: There, Rabbi Abba bar Zavda was merely putting the Rabbis off with an excuse, as the real reason why he would not marry was because Rabbi Abba bar Zavda became impotent from Rav Huna’s discourse. Rav Huna’s students would hold back from relieving themselves until his lengthy sermons were finished, which caused them to become sterile.

רַב גִּידֵּל אִיעֲקַר מִפִּרְקֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא, רַבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ אִיעֲקַר מִפִּרְקֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא, רַב שֵׁשֶׁת אִיעֲקַר מִפִּרְקֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא. רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב אַחַדְתֵּיהּ סוּסְכִינְתָא, תַּלְיוּהּ בְּאַרְזָא דְּבֵי רַב וּנְפַק מִינֵּיהּ כְּהוּצָא יָרְקָא. אֲמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר יַעֲקֹב: שִׁיתִין סָבֵי הָוֵינָא, וְכוּלְּהוּ אִיעֲקוּר מִפִּרְקֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא, לְבַר מֵאֲנָא דְּקַיְּימֵי בְּנַפְשַׁאי ״הַחָכְמָה תְּחַיֶּה בְעָלֶיהָ״.

The Gemara similarly relates that Rav Giddel became impotent from Rav Huna’s discourse, Rav Ḥelbo became impotent from Rav Huna’s discourse, and Rav Sheshet became impotent from Rav Huna’s discourse. The Gemara relates: Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov was afflicted by suskhinta , a disease caused by holding back from urinating. They suspended him from the cedar column that supported the study hall, and a substance that was as green as a palm leaf emerged from him, and he was healed. Rav Aḥa bar Ya’akov said: We were sixty elders present at the time, and they all became impotent from Rav Huna’s discourse, aside from me, as I fulfilled with regard to myself the verse: “Wisdom preserves the life of he who has it” (Ecclesiastes 7:12). I used the above cure to avoid becoming impotent.

גֵּירְשָׁהּ מוּתֶּרֶת וכו׳. שֵׁנִי – אִין, שְׁלִישִׁי – לָא.

§ It was taught in the mishna that if a man divorced his wife after ten years without children, she is permitted to marry a second man, who may remain married to her for ten years. The Gemara comments: A second husband, yes, but a third one, no. Once she has been married to two men without children for ten years each, it is presumed that she is unable to have children.

מַתְנִיתִין מַנִּי – רַבִּי הִיא. דְּתַנְיָא: מָלָה הָרִאשׁוֹן וּמֵת, שֵׁנִי וּמֵת, שְׁלִישִׁי – לֹא תָּמוּל, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: שְׁלִישִׁי – תָּמוּל, רְבִיעִי – לֹא תָּמוּל.

The Gemara comments: Who is the tanna of the mishna? It is Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, who holds that a legal presumption [ ḥazaka ] is established after two occurrences. As it is taught in a baraita : If a woman circumcised her first son and he died as a result of the circumcision, and she circumcised her second son and he also died, she should not circumcise her third son, as the deaths of the first two produce a presumption that this woman’s sons die as a result of circumcision. This is the statement of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: She should circumcise her third son, as there is not considered to be a legal presumption that her sons die from circumcision, but she should not circumcise her fourth son if her first three sons died from circumcision.

וְהָתַנְיָא אִיפְּכָא, הֵי מִינַּיְיהוּ אַחֲרִינִיתָא?

The Gemara asks: Isn’t the reverse taught in a baraita , that Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi holds that the woman’s third son must be circumcised and Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel holds that he is not circumcised? Which of them was composed later and is therefore presumed to be more reliable?

תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאַרְבַּע אֲחָיוֹת בְּצִפּוֹרִי, שֶׁמָּלָה רִאשׁוֹנָה וּמֵת, שְׁנִיָּה וּמֵת, שְׁלִישִׁית וּמֵת, רְבִיעִית בָּאת לִפְנֵי רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, אָמַר לָהּ: אַל תָּמוּלִי.

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear, as Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: An incident occurred involving four sisters in Tzippori, that the first sister circumcised her son and he died, and the second sister circumcised her son and he died, and the third one circumcised her son and he too died. The fourth sister came before Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, who said to her: Do not circumcise him. This indicates that according to Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel a presumption is established only after three occurrences.

וְדִלְמָא אִי אָתְיָא שְׁלִישִׁית – נַמִי הֲוָה אֲמַר לָהּ? אִם כֵּן מַאי אַסְהֲדוּתֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא. וְדִלְמָא הָא קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן דַּאֲחָיוֹת מְחַזְּקוֹת!

The Gemara refutes this proof: Perhaps if the third sister had come before him he would also have said to her the same ruling. The Gemara asks: If so, what is the purpose of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba’s testimony? Why would he have related this incident if it does not teach us anything? The Gemara answers: Perhaps he comes to teach us that sisters establish a presumption in a case like this even though the children who died were not from the same mother.

אֲמַר רָבָא: הָשְׁתָּא דְּאָמְרַתְּ אֲחָיוֹת מְחַזְּקוֹת – לֹא יִשָּׂא אָדָם אִשָּׁה לֹא מִמִּשְׁפַּחַת נִכְפִּין, וְלֹא מִמִּשְׁפַּחַת מְצוֹרָעִים, וְהוּא דְּאִתַּחְזַק תְּלָתָא זִימְנֵי.

Rava said: Now that you have said that sisters establish a presumption, a man should not marry a woman from a family of epileptics or from a family of lepers, as these diseases might be hereditary. The Gemara adds: And this applies only if it was established three times, i.e., three members of the family are afflicted with the disease.

מַאי הֲוָה עֲלָהּ? כִּי אֲתָא רַב יִצְחָק בַּר יוֹסֵף אֲמַר: עוּבְדָּא הֲוָה קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן בִּכְנִישְׁתָּא דְּמָעוֹן בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת, וּמָלָה רִאשׁוֹנָה וּמֵת, שְׁנִיָּה וּמֵת, שְׁלִישִׁית בָּאָה לְפָנָיו. אָמַר לָהּ: לְכִי וּמוּלִי.

The Gemara asks: Which halakhic conclusion was about this matter? Is a presumption established after two occurrences or only after three? When Rav Yitzḥak bar Yosef came from Eretz Yisrael, he said: An incident occurred before Rabbi Yoḥanan in the synagogue of the town of Maon on a Yom Kippur that occurred on Shabbat. The first sister had circumcised her son and he died; the second sister circumcised her son and he also died. The third sister came before him, and he said to her: Go and circumcise your son, as a presumption is not established after only two occurrences.

אָמַר לֵיהּ אַבַּיֵי: חֲזֵי דְּקָשָׁרֵית אִיסּוּרָא וְסַכַּנְתָּא!

Abaye said to Rav Yitzḥak: See to it that your report is accurate, as you are permitting an action that would otherwise constitute a prohibition and a danger. If the third baby should not be circumcised, doing so would be a prohibited labor and would endanger the life of the child.

סָמַךְ עֲלָהּ אַבַּיֵי, וַאֲזַל נָסְבָהּ לְחוּמָה בְּרַתָּא דְּאִיסִי בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַב יְהוּדָה. דְּנָסְבָהּ רַחֲבָא דְּפוּמְבְּדִיתָא וּשְׁכִיב, רַב יִצְחָק בְּרֵיהּ דְּרַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה וּשְׁכִיב, וּנְסָבָהּ הוּא וּשְׁכִיב.

The Gemara comments: Abaye relied on this report and went and married Ḥuma, the daughter of Isi, son of Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rav Yehuda. Ḥuma had previously married Raḥava of Pumbedita, and he died, and then she married Rav Yitzḥak, son of Rabba bar bar Ḥana, and he died; and he, Abaye, married her nevertheless, without concern that she had been established to be a woman whose husbands die; and he died as well while married to her.

אֲמַר רָבָא: וּמִי אִיכָּא דְּעָבֵיד עוּבְדָא בְּנַפְשֵׁיהּ כִּי הַאי, וְהָא אִיהוּ דַּאֲמַר: אָבִין – דְּסָמְכָא, יִצְחָק סוּמָּקָא – לָאו בַּר סָמְכָא. אָבִין – יֶשְׁנוֹ בַּחֲזָרָה, יִצְחָק סוּמָּקָא – אֵינוֹ בַּחֲזָרָה. וְעוֹד: אֵימַר דִּפְלִיגִי לְעִנְיַן מִילָה, בְּנִישּׂוּאִין מִי פְּלִיגִי?

Rava said: Is there anyone who performs an action like this and endangers himself by marrying such a woman? Wasn’t it he, Abaye, who said that Avin is reliable but Yitzḥak the Red, i.e., Rav Yitzḥak bar Yosef, is not reliable? He proceeds to explain the difference between them: Avin returns to Eretz Yisrael and hears whether the Sages there rescind their previous rulings, whereas Yitzḥak the Red does not return to Eretz Yisrael and never finds out if the Sages there rescind their rulings. And furthermore, say that they disagree with regard to whether a presumption is established by two or by three deaths due to circumcision, but do they necessarily argue with regard to marriage?

אִין, וְהָתַנְיָא: נִיסֵּת לָרִאשׁוֹן וּמֵת, לַשֵּׁנִי וּמֵת, לַשְּׁלִישִׁי – לֹא תִּנָּשֵׂא, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: לַשְּׁלִישִׁי תִּנָּשֵׂא, לָרְבִיעִי לֹא תִּנָּשֵׂא.

The Gemara responds: Yes, and it is taught in a baraita : If a woman was married to her first husband and he died, to a second one and he also died, she may not get married to a third husband. the statement of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: She may get married to a third husband, but if he also dies, she may not get married to a fourth husband.

בִּשְׁלָמָא גַּבֵּי מִילָה – אִיכָּא מִשְׁפָּחָה דְּרָפֵי דָּמָא וְאִיכָּא מִשְׁפָּחָה דְּקָמֵיט דָּמָא. אֶלָּא נִישּׂוּאִין מַאי טַעֲמָא? אָמַר לֵיהּ רַב מָרְדְּכַי לְרַב אַשִׁי, הָכִי אֲמַר אֲבִימִי מֵהַגְרוֹנְיָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַב הוּנָא: מַעְיָן גּוֹרֵם. וְרַב אַשִׁי אֲמַר: מַזָּל גּוֹרֵם.

The Gemara asks: Granted with regard to circumcision a presumption of death due to circumcision can be established because there are families whose blood is thin and does not clot well, and there are families whose blood clots. However, in the case of marriage, what is the reason for concern that a subsequent husband will die? Rav Mordekhai said to Rav Ashi: Avimi of Hagron-ya said in the name of Rav Huna as follows: Her spring is the cause. In other words, the woman has some sort of condition that causes those who have intercourse with her to die. And Rav Ashi said that her constellation is the cause of her husbands’ deaths.

מַאי בֵּינַיְיהוּ? אִיכָּא בֵּינַיְיהוּ דְּאֵירְסָהּ וּמִית, אִי נַמִי דְּנָפַל מִדִּיקְלָא וּמִית.

The Gemara asks: What is the practical difference between them? The Gemara answers: There is a difference between them in a case where a man betrothed her and died before the wedding; alternatively, in a case where he fell off a palm tree and died. If the concern is due to intercourse, then in these cases the husband’s death cannot be attributed to his wife. Conversely, if the concern is due to her bad fortune, the husband’s death can be attributed to his wife even in these cases.

אָמַר לֵיהּ רַב יוֹסֵף בְּרֵיהּ דְּרָבָא לְרָבָא: בְּעַי מִינֵּיהּ מֵרַב יוֹסֵף, הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי? וַאֲמַר לִי: אִין. הֲלָכָה כְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל? וַאֲמַר לִי: אִין. אַחוּכֵי אַחִיךְ בִּי?

Rav Yosef, son of Rava, said to Rava: I inquired of Rav Yosef whether the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi, and he said to me: Yes. I subsequently asked him if the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel, and he said to me: Yes. Was he mocking me by issuing contradictory rulings?

אָמַר לֵיהּ: לָא, סְתָמֵי הִיא, וּפָשֵׁיט לָךְ: נִישּׂוּאִין וּמַלְקִיּוֹת – כְּרַבִּי, וְסָתוֹת וְשׁוֹר הַמּוּעָד כְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל.

Rava said to him: No, there are unattributed mishnayot in accordance with each opinion, and he resolved for you that the halakha is in accordance with each opinion in particular cases. With regard to marriage and lashings the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi that two occurrences are sufficient for a presumption. Concerning set patterns of menstrual bleeding and a forewarned ox, the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel that a presumption is established after three occurrences.

נִישּׂוּאִין – הָא דַּאֲמָרַן, מַלְקִיּוֹת – דִּתְנַן: מִי שֶׁלָּקָה וְשָׁנָה – בֵּית דִּין כּוֹנְסִין אוֹתוֹ לְכִיפָּה, וּמַאֲכִילִין אוֹתוֹ שְׂעוֹרִים עַד שֶׁתְּהֵא כְּרֵיסוֹ נִבְקַעַת. וְסָתוֹת – דִּתְנַן: אֵין הָאִשָּׁה

The Gemara identifies the aforementioned halakhot . Marriage is referring to that which we said with regard to a woman whose husbands have died. The case of lashings is as we learned in a mishna ( Nidda 63b): One who was flogged for transgressing a Torah law, and repeated the same transgression court places him in a narrow, vaulted chamber and they feed him barley until his stomach bursts. Once he has sinned and been flogged twice he has established a presumption of wickedness, and when he sins again he is caused to die so that he will not continue to sin. The case of set patterns of menstrual bleeding is as we learned in a mishna ( Nidda 63b): A woman does not