שֶׁמָּא חַבָּר הוּא. וְתַנָּא קַמָּא אַגַּב אִיצְצָא מַזְּקִי לֵיהּ.

that perhaps he is a charmer [ ḥabbar ] of snakes and scorpions who knows magic or some stratagem to keep them from harming him. And the first tanna holds that we need not be concerned about this possibility, as, due to the pressure of his body falling on top of them, they will harm him, even if he could control them under other circumstances.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: נָפַל לְתוֹךְ כִּבְשַׁן הָאֵשׁ – מְעִידִין עָלָיו, לְיוֹרָה מְלֵאָה יַיִן וְשֶׁמֶן – מְעִידִין עָלָיו. מִשּׁוּם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמְרוּ: שֶׁל שֶׁמֶן – מְעִידִין עָלָיו, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַבְעִיר. שֶׁל יַיִן – אֵין מְעִידִין עָלָיו, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְכַבֶּה. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: תְּחִלָּתוֹ מְכַבֶּה וְסוֹפוֹ מַבְעִיר.

The Sages taught: If one fell into a blazing furnace, one may testify about him that he has died. If he fell into a boiling cauldron filled with wine or oil, one may also testify about him that he has died. In the name of Rabbi Aḥa, they said: If he fell into a cauldron of oil, one may testify about him that he has died, because this ignites the fire even more. Through the force of his fall, oil will splash into the fire and increase the heat of the cauldron. However, if he fell into a cauldron of wine, one may not testify about him that he has died, because when wine splashes into the fire it extinguishes the fire. They said to him: At first it partially extinguishes the fire but eventually it ignites it even more, and therefore it can be assumed that he has died.

אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר ״מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאֶחָד שֶׁנָּפַל לַבּוֹר הַגָּדוֹל״ וכו׳. תַּנְיָא, אָמְרוּ לוֹ לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר: אֵין מַזְכִּירִין מַעֲשֵׂה נִסִּים. מַאי מַעֲשֵׂה נִסִּים? אִילֵימָא דְּלָא אָכֵיל וְלָא אִישְׁתֵּי – וְהָכְתִיב ״וְצוּמוּ עָלַי וְאַל תֹּאכְלוּ וְאַל תִּשְׁתּוּ״!

§ The mishna stated that Rabbi Meir said: An incident occurred involving a certain individual who fell into the Great Cistern and emerged after three days. It is taught in a baraita : They said to Rabbi Meir: One does not mention miraculous acts to teach general halakha . The Gemara asks: What about that story defines it as an example of miraculous acts? If we say the fact that he did not eat or drink for three days and still survived is miraculous, but isn’t it written: “Fast for me, and neither eat nor drink three days, night or day” (Esther 4:16), demonstrating that one may survive this experience naturally?

אֶלָּא דְּלָא נָיֵים. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: ״שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁלֹּא אִישַׁן שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים״ – מַלְקִין אוֹתוֹ, וְיִישַׁן לְאַלְתַּר.

The Gemara answers: Rather, the miraculous element is that he did not sleep during those three days, as Rabbi Yoḥanan said: If one says: I hereby take on an oath that I will not sleep for three days, the court flogs him for taking an oath in vain, and he may sleep immediately because it is impossible to remain awake for three consecutive days.

וְרַבִּי מֵאִיר מַאי טַעֲמָא? אֲמַר רַב כָּהֲנָא: כֵּיפֵין עַל גַּב כֵּיפֵין הָווּ. וְרַבָּנַן: דְּשֵׁישָׁא הָווּ. וְרַבִּי מֵאִיר: אִי אֶפְשָׁר דְּלָא מַסְרִיךְ וְנָיֵים פּוּרְתָּא.

The Gemara asks: And according to Rabbi Meir, what is the reason this was not a miraculous incident? The Gemara answers that Rav Kahana said: There were several levels of arches built on top of other arches within the Great Cistern, and he supported himself on the arches and slept. And the Rabbis said that they were made of marble and it was impossible to hold onto them and sleep. And Rabbi Meir assumed that it is inconceivable that he didn’t grasp some part of an arch for a short time and sleep a little, and therefore this incident does not qualify as a miracle.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַעֲשֶׂה בְּבִתּוֹ שֶׁל נְחוּנְיָא חוֹפֵר שִׁיחִין שֶׁנָּפְלָה לַבּוֹר הַגָּדוֹל, וּבָאוּ וְהוֹדִיעוּ לְרַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן דּוֹסָא. שָׁעָה רִאשׁוֹנָה אָמַר לָהֶם: שָׁלוֹם. שְׁנִיָּה, אָמַר לָהֶם: שָׁלוֹם, שְׁלִישִׁית, אָמַר לָהֶם: עָלְתָה.

The Sages taught: An incident occurred involving the daughter of Neḥunya the well digger, who fell into the Great Cistern, and they came and notified Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa and asked that he pray for her. After the first hour, he said to them: She is at peace and unharmed. After the second hour, he said to them: She is at peace. After the third hour he said to them: She has ascended from the cistern.

אָמַר לָהּ: בִּתִּי, מִי הֶעֱלָךְ? אָמְרָה לוֹ: זָכָר שֶׁל רְחֵלִים נִזְדַּמֵּן לִי, וְזָקֵן מַנְהִיגוֹ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: נָבִיא אַתָּה? אָמַר לָהֶם: לֹא נָבִיא אָנֹכִי וְלֹא בֶּן נָבִיא אָנֹכִי, אֶלָּא דָּבָר שֶׁהַצַּדִּיק מִתְעַסֵּק בּוֹ – יִכָּשֵׁל בּוֹ זַרְעוֹ?!

When she came to Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa, he said to her: My daughter, who pulled you up from the cistern? She said to him: A male sheep, i.e., a ram, happened by and sensed me in that cistern, and there was an old man leading him who pulled me out. They said to Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa: Are you a prophet with knowledge of what is happening far away? He said to them, using a figure of speech from the Bible: “I am not a prophet, nor the son of a prophet am I” (Amos 7:14). Rather, I reasoned as follows: Could it be that concerning the endeavor that the righteous Neḥunya is engaged in, i.e., digging for the benefit of the public, his offspring would stumble upon its fruits and thereby be killed? I therefore knew that God would certainly save her.

אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא: אַף עַל פִּי כֵן מֵת בְּנוֹ בְּצָמָא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״וּסְבִיבָיו נִשְׂעֲרָה מְאֹד״ – מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מְדַקְדֵּק עִם סְבִיבָיו כְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה, רַבִּי חֲנִינָא אֲמַר: מֵהָכָא ״אֵל נַעֲרָץ בְּסוֹד קְדוֹשִׁים רַבָּה וְנוֹרָא עַל כָּל סְבִיבָיו״.

Rabbi Abba said: Even so, the son of Neḥunya the well digger died of thirst, and the merit of his father, who attended to the water supply, did not protect him, as is stated: “And around Him it storms [ nisara ] mightily” (Psalms 50:3), which teaches that the Holy One, Blessed be He, is exacting with His surroundings, i.e., the righteous who are close to Him, up to a hairsbreadth [ sa’ara ], so that even slight deviations can elicit severe punishment. Rabbi Ḥanina said: This idea is derived from here: “A God dreaded in the great council of the holy ones, and feared by all that are about Him” (Psalms 89:8). This indicates that God is most feared by those that are nearest to Him, i.e., the righteous, because He is more exacting of them.

מתני׳ אֲפִילּוּ שָׁמַע מִן הַנָּשִׁים אוֹמְרוֹת ״מֵת אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי״ – דַּיּוֹ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אֲפִילּוּ שָׁמַע מִן הַתִּינוֹקוֹת אוֹמְרִים ״הֲרֵי אָנוּ הוֹלְכִין לִסְפּוֹד וְלִקְבּוֹר אֶת אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי״, בֵּין שֶׁהוּא מִתְכַּוֵּין וּבֵין שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּין.

Even if one heard from the women, who were saying: So-and-so died, this is sufficient in order to testify to his death. Rabbi Yehuda says: Even if one heard from the children, who were saying: We are going to eulogize and bury so-and-so, that is also sufficient. Furthermore, one may rely upon someone mentioning that a man died, regardless of whether the speaker intends to testify and thereby allow the man’s wife to remarry or whether he does not intend to offer formal testimony.

רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בֶּן בָּבָא אוֹמֵר: בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא מִתְכַּוֵּין, וּבְגוֹי אִם הָיָה מִתְכַּוֵּין – אֵין עֵדוּתוֹ עֵדוּת.

Rabbi Yehuda ben Bava says: With regard to a Jew who offers this information, it may be relied upon even if he intends for his statement to be considered formal testimony. However, with regard to a gentile, if he intended to testify, his testimony is not considered valid testimony. His statement is relied upon only when he does not intend to state it as formal testimony.

גמ׳ וְדִלְמָא לָא אָזְלֵי? אֲמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אֲמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: דְּקָאָמְרִי ״הֲרֵינוּ בָּאִין מִלִּסְפּוֹד וּמִלִּקְבּוֹר אֶת אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי״.

With regard to relying on what children said, that they are going to eulogize and bury so-and-so, the Gemara asks: Perhaps they will not go; perhaps they only assumed that the individual would die, but in the end he didn’t. The Gemara answers: Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: It is referring to a situation where the children say: We are coming from eulogizing and burying so-and-so.

וְדִלְמָא קַמְצָא בְּעָלְמָא שְׁכֵיב לֵיהּ, וְאַסִּיקוּ לֵיהּ עַל שְׁמֵיהּ? דְּקָאָמְרִי: כֵּן, וְכֵן רַבָּנַן הָווּ הָתָם. כֵּן, וְכֵן סַפְדָּנֵי הָווּ הָתָם.

The Gemara asks: Since they are children, perhaps it was merely a grasshopper with which they played that died, and they brought iShe t out as if to its funeral, calling it by the name of the individual suspected to be dead, and their statement should not be considered valid proof of his death. The Gemara answers: It is referring to a situation where the children say: Such and such rabbis were there; such and such eulogizers were there, so that it is clear that they were referring to an event that truly occurred.

״וּבְגוֹי אִם הָיָה מִתְכַּוֵּין״ וכו׳. אָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּין לְהַתִּיר, אֲבָל נִתְכַּוֵּין לְהָעִיד – עֵדוּתוֹ עֵדוּת. הֵיכִי יָדְעִינַן? אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: בָּא לְבֵית דִּין וְאָמַר ״אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי מֵת, הַשִּׂיאוּ אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ״ – זֶהוּ נִתְכַּוֵּין לְהַתִּיר: ״מֵת״ סְתָם – זֶהוּ נִתְכַּוֵּין לְעֵדוּת.

§ It was taught in the mishna: With regard to a gentile, if he intended to testify, his testimony is not considered valid testimony. Rav Yehuda said that Shmuel said: They taught this only in a case where he intended to permit the woman to remarry through his testimony, but if he merely intended to testify about the man’s death, his testimony is considered testimony. The Gemara asks: How do we know the intention of the gentile? Rav Yosef said: If he came to the court and said: So-and-so died, allow his wife to marry, this is an instance of intending to permit her to remarry. If he said simply: He died, this is an instance of merely intending to testify.

אִיתְּמַר נַמִי, אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּין לְהַתִּיר, אֲבָל נִתְכַּוֵּין לְהָעִיד – עֵדוּתוֹ עֵדוּת. אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לֹא כָּךְ הָיָה מַעֲשֶׂה בְּאוֹשַׁעֲיָא בְּרַבִּי, שֶׁהִתִּירָם עִם שְׁמֹנִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה זְקֵנִים? אָמַר לָהֶם: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּין לְהַתִּיר, אֲבָל נִתְכַּוֵּין לְהָעִיד – עֵדוּתוֹ עֵדוּת, וְלֹא הוֹדוֹ לוֹ חֲכָמִים.

This was also stated by other amora’im . Reish Lakish said: They taught this only when one intended to permit the woman to remarry, but if he merely intended to testify about the man’s death, his testimony is considered valid testimony. Rabbi Yoḥanan said to him: Didn’t such an incident occur involving Rabbi Oshaya the Distinguished, who permitted women to marry based upon the testimony of gentiles while he was with eighty-five Elders? He said to the Elders: They taught that one may not rely upon a gentile’s testimony only when he intended to permit the woman to remarry, but if he merely intended to testify about the man’s death, his testimony is considered valid testimony. But the Rabbis did not concur with him on this, and they maintained that one may not rely upon the testimony of a gentile at all.

אֶלָּא מַתְנִיתִין דְּקָתָנֵי ״וּבְגוֹי אִם הָיָה מִתְכַּוֵּין – אֵין עֵדוּתוֹ עֵדוּת״ הֵיכִי מַשְׁכְּחַתְּ לָהּ? בְּמֵסִיחַ לְפִי תּוּמּוֹ. כִּי הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה קָאָמַר וְאָזֵיל: ״מַאן אִיכָּא בֵּי חִיוָּאי, מַאן אִיכָּא בֵּי חִיוָּאי? שְׁכֵיב חִיוָּאי!״ וְאַנְסְבָהּ רַב יוֹסֵף לִדְבֵיתְהוּ. הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה קָאָמַר וְאָזֵיל: ״וַוי לֵיהּ לְפָרָשָׁא זְרִיזָא דַּהֲוָה בְּפוּמְבְּדִיתָא דִּשְׁכֵיב״! וְאַנְסְבָהּ רַב יוֹסֵף, וְאִיתֵימָא רָבָא, לִדְבֵיתְהוּ.

The Gemara asks: But, if that is so, what about that which is taught in the mishna: With regard to a gentile, if he intended to testify, his testimony is not considered valid testimony, which implies that if the gentile does not intend to testify, his statement may be relied upon? How can you find a case where one would rely on his statement? The Gemara answers: One may rely on a gentile’s statement when he speaks offhandedly, without any intention to testify. Like that gentile who was going around saying: Who is from the house of Ḥivvai; who is from the house of Ḥivvai? Ḥivvai has died. And based upon this report, Rav Yosef allowed Ḥivvai’s wife to marry. There was also a certain gentile who was going around saying: Alas for the brave horseman who was in Pumbedita, for he is dead. And Rav Yosef, and some say Rava, allowed his wife to marry.

הַהוּא דַּהֲוָה קָאָמַר וְאָזֵיל: ״מַאן אִיכָּא בֵּי חָסָא, טָבַע חָסָא״? אֲמַר רַב נַחְמָן: הָאֱלֹקִים! אָכְלוּ כַּוְורֵי לְחָסָא. מִדִּיבּוּרֵיהּ דְּרַב נַחְמָן אָזְלָא דְּבֵיתְהוּ דְּחָסָא וְאִינַסְּבָא, וְלָא אָמְרוּ לָהּ וְלָא מִידֵי. אֲמַר רַב אַשִׁי: שְׁמַע מִינָּהּ, הָא דַּאֲמוּר רַבָּנַן מַיִם שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם סוֹף אִשְׁתּוֹ אֲסוּרָה – הָנֵי מִילֵּי לְכַתְּחִלָּה, אֲבָל אִי נָסֵיב – לָא מַפְּקִינַן לָהּ מִינֵּיהּ.

§ There was also a certain gentile who was going around saying: Who is from the house of Ḥasa? Ḥasa has drowned. Rav Naḥman said: By God! The fish have eaten Ḥasa. The Gemara relates: Due to Rav Naḥman’s statement, although he did not issue a court ruling permitting it, Ḥasa’s wife went and married, and no one said anything to her to protest this action. Rav Ashi said: Learn the following from this incident: That which the Sages said, that if a man fell into an endless body of water, his wife is prohibited from remarrying, this applies only ab initio , but if someone married her, we do not take her away from him.

אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: אַנְסְבָהּ רַב נַחְמָן לִדְבֵיתְהוּ. אֲמַר: חָסָא גַּבְרָא רַבָּה אִיתֵיהּ, אִם אִיתָא דִּסְלִיק – קָלָא אִית לֵיהּ לְמִילְּתָא. וְלָא הִיא, לָא שְׁנָא גַּבְרָא רַבָּה לָא שְׁנָא לָאו גַּבְרָא רַבָּה, דִּיעֲבַד – אִין, לְכַתְּחִלָּה – לָא.

There are those who say that Rav Naḥman actually issued a ruling and allowed his wife to marry. He said: Ḥasa is a great man; if it was so that he emerged from the water the incident would have generated publicity. Since nothing was heard from Ḥasa in a long while, it can be assumed that he died. The Gemara comments: That is not so. It is not different if he is a great man and it is not different if he is not a great man. If a woman remarried based on testimony that her husband drowned in an endless body of water, after the fact, yes, she may remain married, but she may not remarry ab initio .

הַהוּא גּוֹי דַּהֲוָה קָאָמַר לֵיהּ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל: קְטוֹל אַסְפַּסְתָּא וּשְׁדֵי לְחֵיוַאי בְּשַׁבְּתָא, וְאִי לָא – קָטֵילְנָא לָךְ כִּדְקָטֵילְנָא לִפְלוֹנִי בַּר יִשְׂרָאֵל, דַּאֲמָרִי לֵיהּ: בַּשֵּׁיל לִי קְדֵירָה בְּשַׁבָּת, וְלָא בַּשֵּׁיל לִי, וּקְטִילְתֵיהּ. שָׁמְעָה דְּבֵיתְהוּ, וַאֲתַאי לְקַמֵּיהּ דְּאַבַּיֵי. שָׁהֵיתָא

The Gemara relates that a certain gentile said to a Jew: Harvest the fodder and give it to my animals on Shabbat, and if not, I will kill you like I killed so-and-so the Jew, for I said to him: Cook me a pot of food on Shabbat, and he didn’t cook it for me, so I killed him. The wife of the missing Jew heard the gentile say that he killed her husband, and she came before Abaye to ask if she was permitted to remarry. He deferred the ruling in her case