בַּצּוֹרְתָא; מְדִינְתָא אַמְּדִינְתָא, כַּפְנָא. וַאֲמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: סְאָה בְּסֶלַע, וּשְׁכִיחָא, בַּצּוֹרְתָא; אַרְבָּעָה, וְלָא שְׁכִיחָא, כַּפְנָא.

this is considered a drought. If produce must be brought from one province to another province, this is considered a famine. And Rabbi Ḥanina said: If a se’a of grain is sold for a sela , but it is available, this is considered a drought. Although prices have risen, there is still grain for those who can afford it. However, if four se’a of grain is sold for a sela , and it is not available, this is considered a famine.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לֹא שָׁנוּ אֶלָּא בִּזְמַן שֶׁהַמָּעוֹת בְּזוֹל וּפֵירוֹת בְּיוֹקֶר. אֲבָל מָעוֹת בְּיוֹקֶר וּפֵירוֹת בְּזוֹל, מַתְרִיעִין עָלֶיהָ מִיָּד. דַּאֲמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: נָהֵירְנָא כַּד הָווּ קַיְימֵי אַרְבָּעָה סְאִין בְּסֶלַע, וְהָווּ נְפִישִׁי נְפִיחֵי כָפָן בִּטְבֶרְיָא, מִדְּלֵית אִיסָּר.

Rabbi Yoḥanan said: They taught this only with regard to a time when money is cheap and everyone has it, and produce is expensive. However, when money is expensive, i.e., unavailable, and produce is cheap, they cry out about it immediately, as this is considered a famine. As Rabbi Yoḥanan said: I remember when four se’a of produce were sold for one sela , and yet there were many swollen by famine in Tiberias, as they did not have even one issar with which to purchase food.

״יָרְדוּ לַצְּמָחִין אֲבָל לֹא לָאִילָן״. בִּשְׁלָמָא לַצְּמָחִים וְלֹא לָאִילָן – מַשְׁכַּחַת לָהּ דַּאֲתָא נִיחָא, וְלָא אָתְיָא רַזְיָא. לָאִילָן וְלֹא לַצְּמָחִין – דְּאָתְיָא רַזְיָא, וְלָא אָתְיָא נִיחָא.

§ The mishna taught: If sufficient rain fell for the vegetation but not enough fell for the trees; if it was enough for the trees but not for the vegetation; or if sufficient rain fell for both this and that, i.e., vegetation and trees, but not enough to fill the cisterns, ditches, and caves with water to last the summer, they cry out about it immediately. The Gemara comments: Granted, with regard to rain that fell in sufficient quantities for the vegetation but not for the trees, this case can be found, e.g., if gentle rain fell but heavy rain did not fall, this is insufficient for the trees. Furthermore, it is possible for enough rain to fall for the trees but it is not effective for the vegetation, if heavy rain fell but gentle rain did not fall.

לָזֶה וְלָזֶה, אֲבָל לֹא לַבּוֹרוֹת, וְלֹא לַשִּׁיחִין וּמְעָרוֹת – מַשְׁכַּחַת לָהּ, דְּאָתְיָא רַזְיָא וְנִיחָא, מִיהוּ טוּבָא לָא אָתְיָא. אֶלָּא הָא דְּתַנְיָא: יָרְדוּ לַבּוֹרוֹת, לַשִּׁיחִין, וְלַמְּעָרוֹת, אֲבָל לֹא לָזֶה וְלָזֶה, הֵיכִי מַשְׁכַּחַת לָהּ? דְּאָתְיָא בִּשְׁפִיכוּתָא.

Likewise, in the case of rain that benefits both this and that, trees and vegetation, but not cisterns, ditches, and caves, you can find this too, if both heavy and gentle rain fell, however, they did not fall in abundance, and therefore the water in the cisterns will not last through the summer. However, that which is taught in a baraita : If sufficient rain fell for cisterns, ditches, and caves, but not for either this or that, i.e., trees or plants, how can you find these circumstances? If the rain is enough to fill cisterns, how could it not be enough for plants and trees? The Gemara answers: Where rain comes in a single downpour, it will fill the cisterns but will provide no benefit to plants and trees.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַתְרִיעִין עַל הָאִילָנוֹת בִּפְרוֹס הַפֶּסַח. עַל הַבּוֹרוֹת, וְשִׁיחִין, וּמְעָרוֹת, בִּפְרוֹס הֶחָג. וְאִם אֵין לָהֶן מַיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת, מַתְרִיעִין עֲלֵיהֶן מִיָּד.

The Sages taught: They cry out about trees that have not received enough rain, until near Passover, as beyond that time any rain will no longer benefit trees. However, they sound the alarm over cisterns, ditches and caves that have not been filled until before the festival of Sukkot . And at any time, if they have no water to drink, they sound the alarm over them immediately.

וְאֵיזֶהוּ ‘מִיָּד׳ שֶׁלָּהֶן? שֵׁנִי, וַחֲמִישִׁי, וְשֵׁנִי. וְעַל כּוּלָּן אֵין מַתְרִיעִין עֲלֵיהֶן אֶלָּא בְּאִפַּרְכְיָא שֶׁלָּהֶן.

And what exactly is the meaning of their use of: Immediately, in these cases? Monday, Thursday, and Monday of the week in which the court became aware of the crisis, but not necessarily on the very day that it became evident. And in all of these cases of interrupted rainfall, they sound the alarm over them only in their district [ iparkheya ], but not in other areas where rain is falling normally.

וְאַסְכָּרָא, בִּזְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ מִיתָה, מַתְרִיעִין עָלֶיהָ, בִּזְמַן שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ מִיתָה, אֵין מַתְרִיעִין עָלֶיהָ. וּמַתְרִיעִין עַל הַגּוֹבַאי בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: אַף עַל הֶחָגָב.

And with regard to a plague of diphtheria, when it has the potential to cause death they sound the alarm over it, but when it does not have the potential to cause death they do not sound the alarm over it. And they sound the alarm over the arrival of locusts, for any amount, as it is likely that more locusts are on the way. However, they do not sound the alarm over the arrival of grasshoppers. Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says: They sound the alarm even over grasshoppers, as they too can cause a great deal of damage if they swarm in large numbers.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: מַתְרִיעִין עַל הָאִילָנוֹת בִּשְׁאָר שְׁנֵי שָׁבוּעַ. עַל הַבּוֹרוֹת, וְעַל הַשִּׁיחִין, וְעַל הַמְּעָרוֹת, אֲפִילּוּ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: אַף עַל הָאִילָנוֹת בַּשְּׁבִיעִית, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן פַּרְנָסָה לַעֲנִיִּים.

The Sages taught in a baraita : They sound the alarm over trees during the other six years of the seven-year Sabbatical cycle, when the earth is tilled, but not during the Sabbatical Year, when one must refrain from working the land. However, for cisterns, ditches, and caves, they sound the alarm even in the Sabbatical Year. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Even for trees they sound the alarm in the Sabbatical Year, because they serve as sustenance for the poor. Since the poor rely on these trees for their food in the Sabbatical Year, they will lose their means of subsistence if it does not rain.

תַּנְיָא אִידָךְ: מַתְרִיעִין עַל הָאִילָנוֹת בִּשְׁאָר שְׁנֵי שָׁבוּעַ. עַל הַבּוֹרוֹת, עַל הַשִּׁיחִין, וְעַל הַמְּעָרוֹת, אֲפִילּוּ בַּשְּׁבִיעִית. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: אַף עַל הָאִילָנוֹת. מַתְרִיעִין עַל הַסְּפִיחִין בַּשְּׁבִיעִית, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן פַּרְנָסָה לַעֲנִיִּים.

It is taught in another baraita : They sound the alarm over trees during the other years of the Sabbatical cycle, and for cisterns, ditches and caves they sound the alarm even in the Sabbatical Year. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Even for trees. Furthermore, they sound the alarm for aftergrowths of crops that have grown of their own accord in the Sabbatical Year, because they serve as sustenance for the poor, as it is permitted to eat aftergrowths.

תַּנְיָא: אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן פְּרָטָא: מִיּוֹם שֶׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, נַעֲשׂוּ גְּשָׁמִים צִימּוּקִין לָעוֹלָם. יֵשׁ שָׁנָה שֶׁגְּשָׁמֶיהָ מְרוּבִּין, וְיֵשׁ שָׁנָה שֶׁגְּשָׁמֶיהָ מוּעָטִין. יֵשׁ שָׁנָה שֶׁגְּשָׁמֶיהָ יוֹרְדִין בִּזְמַנָּן, וְיֵשׁ שָׁנָה שֶׁאֵין גְּשָׁמֶיהָ יוֹרְדִין בִּזְמַנָּן.

§ It is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Elazar ben Perata said: Since the day that the Temple was destroyed, rain has been meager, i.e., overall, not enough has fallen in the world. There are years whose rains are abundant, and there are years whose rains are scare. There are years whose rains fall in their proper time, and there are years whose rains do not fall in their proper time.

שָׁנָה שֶׁגְּשָׁמֶיהָ יוֹרְדִין בִּזְמַנָּן – לְמָה הוּא דּוֹמֶה? לְעֶבֶד שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ רַבּוֹ פַּרְנָסָתוֹ בְּאֶחָד בְּשַׁבָּת. נִמְצֵאת עִיסָּה נֶאֱפֵית כְּתִיקְנָהּ וְנֶאֱכֶלֶת כְּתִיקְנָהּ. שָׁנָה שֶׁאֵין גְּשָׁמֶיהָ יוֹרְדִין בִּזְמַנָּן – לְמָה הוּא דּוֹמֶה? לְעֶבֶד שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ רַבּוֹ פַּרְנָסָתוֹ בְּעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת. נִמְצֵאת עִיסָּה נֶאֱפֵית שֶׁלֹּא כְּתִיקְנָהּ וְנֶאֱכֶלֶת שֶׁלֹּא כְּתִיקְנָהּ.

With regard to a year whose rains fall in their proper time, to what may it be compared? To a servant whose master gave him his weekly portion on Sunday. It is thereby found that his dough is baked properly throughout the week, and it is eaten properly, as he has a sufficient amount. Conversely, with regard to a year whose rains do not fall in their proper time, to what may it be compared? To a servant whose master gave him his portion on Shabbat eve, when there is insufficient time to prepare it fully. It is thereby found that his dough is baked improperly, and it is eaten improperly.

שָׁנָה שֶׁגְּשָׁמֶיהָ מְרוּבִּין – לְמָה הוּא דּוֹמֶה? לְעֶבֶד שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ רַבּוֹ פַּרְנָסָתוֹ בְּבַת אַחַת. נִמְצְאוּ רֵיחַיִם טוֹחֲנוֹת מִן הַכּוֹר מַה שֶּׁטּוֹחֲנוֹת מִן הַקַּב, וְנִמְצֵאת עִיסָּה אוֹכֶלֶת מִן הַכּוֹר כְּמוֹ אוֹכֶלֶת מִן הַקַּב.

With regard to a year whose rains are abundant, to what may it be compared? To a servant whose master gave him his portion for a long period of time all at once. He performs all of his milling at one time, and it is therefore found that the mill grinds and produces waste from a kor of produce in the same amount as it grinds and produces waste from the much smaller kav of produce. During each milling process, the same amount of flour goes to waste. Consequently, milling a large amount of flour in a single milling process preserves flour. And similarly, it is found that dough is diminished from a kor , as it diminishes from a kav .

שָׁנָה שֶׁגְּשָׁמֶיהָ מוּעָטִין – לְמָה הוּא דּוֹמֶה? לְעֶבֶד שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ רַבּוֹ פַּרְנָסָתוֹ מְעַט מְעַט. נִמְצְאוּ רֵיחַיִים מַה שֶּׁטּוֹחֲנוֹת מִן הַכּוֹר טוֹחֲנוֹת מִן הַקַּב, נִמְצֵאת עִיסָּה כַּמָּה שֶׁנֶּאֱכֶלֶת מִן הַכּוֹר אוֹכֶלֶת מִן הַקַּב.

In contrast, with regard to a year whose rains are scarce, to what may it be compared? To a servant whose master gave him his portion little by little. It is thereby found that the amount that the mill would have ground from a kor of produce is that which in practice it grinds and produces from each kav . It is likewise found that the dough that would have been diminished from a kor is the same amount that is diminished from a kav . In sum, one retains less dough when given his sustenance little by little.

דָּבָר אַחֵר: בִּזְמַן שֶׁגְּשָׁמֶיהָ מְרוּבִּין, לְמָה הוּא דּוֹמֶה? לְאָדָם שֶׁמְּגַבֵּל אֶת הַטִּיט. אִם יֵשׁ לוֹ מַיִם רַבִּים, מַיִם אֵינָן כָּלִין וְהַטִּיט מְגוּבָּל יָפֶה. אִם יֵשׁ לוֹ מַיִם מוּעָטִין, מַיִם כָּלִים וְהַטִּיט אֵינוֹ מִתְגַּבֵּל יָפֶה.

Alternatively, when its rains are abundant, to what may this year be compared? To a person who kneads clay. If he has a lot of water, his water is not used up and the clay will be well kneaded. If he has only a little water, the water will be used up and the clay will not be well kneaded.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: פַּעַם אַחַת עָלוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל לָרֶגֶל לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וְלֹא הָיָה לָהֶם מַיִם לִשְׁתּוֹת. הָלַךְ נַקְדִּימוֹן בֶּן גּוּרְיוֹן אֵצֶל הֶגְמוֹן אֶחָד, אָמַר לוֹ: הַלְוֵינִי שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה מַעְיְינוֹת מַיִם לְעוֹלֵי רְגָלִים, וַאֲנִי אֶתֵּן לְךָ שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה עֵינוֹת מַיִם. וְאִם אֵינִי נוֹתֵן לְךָ, הֲרֵינִי נוֹתֵן לְךָ שְׁתֵּים עֶשְׂרֵה כִּכַּר כֶּסֶף. וְקָבַע לוֹ זְמַן.

§ The Sages taught: Once all the Jewish people ascended for the pilgrimage Festival to Jerusalem and there was not enough water for them to drink. Nakdimon ben Guryon, one of the wealthy citizens of Jerusalem, went to a certain gentile officer [ hegemon ] and said to him: Lend me twelve wells of water for the pilgrims, and I will give back to you twelve wells of water. And if I do not give them to you, I will give you twelve talents of silver. And the officer set him a time limit for returning the water.

כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ הַזְּמַן וְלֹא יָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים, בְּשַׁחֲרִית שָׁלַח לוֹ: שַׁגֵּר לִי אוֹ מַיִם אוֹ מָעוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בְּיָדְךָ. שָׁלַח לוֹ: עֲדַיִין יֵשׁ לִי זְמַן, כָּל הַיּוֹם כּוּלּוֹ שֶׁלִּי הוּא. בַּצָּהֳרַיִים שָׁלַח לוֹ: שַׁגֵּר לִי אוֹ מַיִם אוֹ מָעוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בְּיָדְךָ. שָׁלַח לוֹ: עֲדַיִין יֵשׁ לִי שָׁהוּת בַּיּוֹם. בַּמִּנְחָה שָׁלַח לוֹ: שַׁגֵּר לִי מַיִם אוֹ מָעוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ לִי בְּיָדְךָ. שָׁלַח לוֹ: עֲדַיִין יֵשׁ לִי שָׁהוּת בַּיּוֹם. לִגְלֵג עָלָיו אוֹתוֹ הֶגְמוֹן, אָמַר: כָּל הַשָּׁנָה כּוּלָּהּ לֹא יָרְדוּ גְּשָׁמִים

When the set time arrived and no rain had fallen, in the morning the official sent a message to Nakdimon: Send me either the water or the coins that you owe me. Nakdimon sent a message to him: I still have time, as the entire day is mine. At noontime the official again sent a message to him: Send me either the water or the coins that you owe me. Nakdimon sent a message to him: I still have time left in the day. In the afternoon he sent a message to him: Send me either the water or the coins that you owe me. Nakdimon sent a message to him: I still have time left in the day. That officer ridiculed him, saying: Throughout the entire year rain has not fallen,