״עַד עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה״ – עַד עִיצּוּמוֹ שֶׁל יוֹם וְקָסָבַר: ״עַד״ – וְעַד בִּכְלָל.

“And you shall eat neither bread, nor roasted grain, nor fresh grain, until this selfsame [ etzem ] day, until you have brought the offering of your God” (Leviticus 23:14), indicating until the essence [ itzumo ] of the day, and not the night before. And he holds that when the verse states: “Until,” the word until is inclusive, meaning that the grain is permitted only after the conclusion of the sixteenth.

וּמִי סָבַר לֵיהּ כְּוָותֵיהּ? וְהָא מַפְלִיג פָּלֵיג עֲלֵיהּ, (דְּתַנְיָא): מִשֶּׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הִתְקִין רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי שֶׁיְּהֵא יוֹם הֶנֶף כּוּלּוֹ אָסוּר. אָמַר לוֹ רַבִּי יְהוּדָה: וַהֲלֹא מִן הַתּוֹרָה הוּא אָסוּר, דִּכְתִיב: ״עַד עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה״ – עַד עִיצּוּמוֹ שֶׁל יוֹם!

The Gemara asks: And does Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai hold in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda? But doesn’t he disagree with him, as it is taught in a baraita : Once the Temple was destroyed, Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai instituted that for the entire day of waving the omer offering, it should be prohibited to eat the grain of the new crop. Rabbi Yehuda said to him: Isn’t it prohibited by Torah law, as it is written: “Until this selfsame day,” which means: Until the essence of the day? Apparently, they have two divergent opinions.

רַבִּי יְהוּדָה הוּא דְּקָא טָעֵי. הוּא סָבַר: מִדְּרַבָּנַן קָאָמַר, וְלֹא הִיא – מִדְּאוֹרַיְיתָא קָאָמַר. וְהָא ״הִתְקִין״ קָאָמַר! מַאי ״הִתְקִין״ – דָּרַשׁ וְהִתְקִין.

The Gemara answers: It is Rabbi Yehuda who is mistaken. He thought that Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai is saying it is prohibited by rabbinic law. And that is not so; he is saying it is prohibited by Torah law. The Gemara asks: But didn’t the mishna say: Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai instituted, indicating that it is a rabbinic ordinance? The Gemara answers: What is the meaning of instituted? It means that he interpreted the verses in the Torah and instituted public notice for the multitudes to conduct themselves accordingly.

מתני׳ יוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל חַג שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בַּשַּׁבָּת, כָּל הָעָם מוֹלִיכִין אֶת לוּלְבֵיהֶן לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת, לַמָּחֳרָת מַשְׁכִּימִין וּבָאִין, כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מַכִּיר אֶת שֶׁלּוֹ וְנוֹטְלוֹ. מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים: אֵין אָדָם יוֹצֵא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ בְּיוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן בְּלוּלָבוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, וּשְׁאָר יְמוֹת הֶחָג, אָדָם יוֹצֵא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ בְּלוּלָבוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: יוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל חַג שֶׁחָל לִהְיוֹת בַּשַּׁבָּת, וְשָׁכַח וְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַלּוּלָב לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים – פָּטוּר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוֹצִיאוֹ בִּרְשׁוּת.

If the first day of the festival of Sukkot occurs on Shabbat, all of the people bring their lulavim to the synagogue on Shabbat eve, as it is prohibited to carry in a public domain on Shabbat. The next day, on Shabbat, everyone rises early and comes to the synagogue. Each and every one recognizes his lulav and takes it. This emphasis that each and every one recognizes his own lulav and takes it is because the Sages said: A person does not fulfill his obligation to take the lulav on the first day of the Festival with the lulav of another, and on the rest of the days of the Festival a person fulfills his obligation even with the lulav of another. Rabbi Yosei says: If the first day of the Festival occurs on Shabbat, and he forgot and carried the lulav out into the public domain, he is exempt from liability to bring a sin-offering for this unwitting transgression because he carried it out with permission, i.e., he was preoccupied with the performance of the mitzva and carried it out.

גמ׳ מְנָא הָנֵי מִילֵּי? דְּתָנוּ רַבָּנַן: ״וּלְקַחְתֶּם״ – שֶׁתְּהֵא לְקִיחָה בְּיַד כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד. ״לָכֶם״ – מִשֶּׁלָּכֶם, לְהוֹצִיא אֶת הַשָּׁאוּל וְאֶת הַגָּזוּל. מִכָּאן אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים: אֵין אָדָם יוֹצֵא יְדֵי חוֹבָתוֹ בְּיוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל חַג בְּלוּלָבוֹ שֶׁל חֲבֵירוֹ, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן נְתָנוֹ לוֹ בְּמַתָּנָה.

From where are these matters derived, that one does not fulfill his obligation with the lulav of another on the first day of the Festival? It is as the Sages taught that it is written: “And you shall take for yourselves on the first day the fruit of a beautiful tree, branches of a date palm, and boughs of a dense-leaved tree, and willows of the brook” (Leviticus 23:40). The use of second person plural in the phrase: “And you shall take,” indicates that there should be taking in the hand of each and every person. yourselves in the phrase “take for yourselves” means: From your own, to exclude a borrowed or stolen lulav . From here the Sages stated: A person does not fulfill his obligation on the first day of the Festival with the lulav of another unless the other gave it to him as a full-fledged gift, as in that case it belongs to him.

וּמַעֲשֶׂה בְּרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה וְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, שֶׁהָיוּ בָּאִין בִּסְפִינָה, וְלֹא הָיָה לוּלָב אֶלָּא לְרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל בִּלְבַד, שֶׁלְּקָחוֹ בְּאֶלֶף זוּז. נְטָלוֹ רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וְיָצָא בּוֹ, וּנְתָנוֹ לְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בְּמַתָּנָה, נְטָלוֹ רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְיָצָא בּוֹ, וּנְתָנוֹ לְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה בְּמַתָּנָה, נְטָלוֹ רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן עֲזַרְיָה וְיָצָא בּוֹ, וּנְתָנוֹ בְּמַתָּנָה לְרַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, נְטָלוֹ רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וְיָצָא בּוֹ וְהֶחֱזִירוֹ לְרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל.

There was an incident involving Rabban Gamliel, and Rabbi Yehoshua, and Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya, and Rabbi Akiva, who were all traveling on a ship during the festival of Sukkot and only Rabban Gamliel had a lulav , which he had bought for one thousand zuz . Rabban Gamliel took it and fulfilled his obligation with it and then gave it to Rabbi Yehoshua as a gift. Rabbi Yehoshua took it and fulfilled his obligation with it and gave it to Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya as a gift. Rabbi Elazar ben Azarya took it and fulfilled his obligation with it and gave it to Rabbi Akiva as a gift. Rabbi Akiva took it and fulfilled his obligation with it and returned it to Rabban Gamliel.

לָמָּה לִי לְמֵימַר הֶחֱזִירוֹ? מִלְּתָא אַגַּב אוֹרְחֵיהּ קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן: מַתָּנָה עַל מְנָת לְהַחֲזִיר – שְׁמָהּ מַתָּנָה.

The Gemara asks: Why do I need to say that Rabbi Akiva returned the lulav to Rabban Gamliel? The crux of the story is that each of the Sages fulfilled his obligation with the same lulav after receiving it as a gift. The Gemara answers: By including that detail, the tanna teaches us another matter in passing, namely that a gift given on the condition that it be returned is considered a full-fledged gift. Even if the owner stipulates from the outset that the gift would be returned, since he gives it as a gift in the interim, its halakhic status is that of a full-fledged gift.

כִּי הָא דְּאָמַר רָבָא: הֵא לְךָ אֶתְרוֹג זֶה עַל מְנָת שֶׁתַּחְזִירֵהוּ לִי, נְטָלוֹ וְיָצָא בּוֹ, הֶחֱזִירוֹ – יָצָא, לֹא הֶחֱזִירוֹ – לֹא יָצָא.

This is like that which Rava said, that in the case of one who says to another: Here is an etrog for you on condition that you return it to me, and the recipient took it and fulfilled his obligation with it, if he returned the etrog , he fulfilled his obligation of taking the etrog . However, if he did not return the etrog , he did not fulfill his obligation. Since he did not fulfill the condition, retroactively he never acquired the gift at all.

לָמָּה לִי לְמֵימַר שֶׁלְּקָחוֹ בְּאֶלֶף זוּז? לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ כַּמָּה מִצְוֹת חֲבִיבוֹת עֲלֵיהֶן.

The Gemara asks: Why do I need to say that Rabban Gamliel bought this lulav for one thousand zuz ? The Gemara answers: It is to inform you how beloved mitzvot were to them to the extent that he was willing to pay an exorbitant sum to purchase a lulav .

אָמַר לֵיהּ מָר בַּר אָמֵימַר לְרַב אַשִׁי: אַבָּא צַלּוֹיֵי קָא מְצַלֵּי בֵּיהּ. מֵיתִיבִי: לֹא יֹאחַז אָדָם תְּפִילִּין בְּיָדוֹ וְסֵפֶר תּוֹרָה בְּחֵיקוֹ וְיִתְפַּלֵּל, וְלֹא יַשְׁתִּין בָּהֶן מַיִם, וְלֹא יִישַׁן בָּהֶן לֹא שֵׁינַת קֶבַע וְלֹא שֵׁינַת עֲרַאי.

§ Mar bar Ameimar said to Rav Ashi: My father would pray with the four species raises an objection: A person should not hold phylacteries in his hand or a Torah scroll in his lap and pray while doing so; neither should he urinate with them in his hand; nor should he sleep with them in his hand, neither a deep sleep nor a brief nap.

וְאָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: סַכִּין וּקְעָרָה כִּכָּר וּמָעוֹת – הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן! הָתָם לָאו מִצְוָה נִינְהוּ וּטְרִיד בְּהוּ, הָכָא – מִצְוָה נִינְהוּ וְלָא טְרִיד בְּהוּ.

And Shmuel said: With regard to a knife, a bowl full of food, a loaf of bread, or money, these items are similar to those mentioned above; since he is concerned lest these items fall from his hand, he is distracted and he unable to concentrate on his prayers. Why, then, is that not the case with regard to lulav ? It should be prohibited to hold the lulav during prayer for the same reason. The Gemara answers: There, in the cases listed above, they are not related to performance of a mitzva, and he is preoccupied with them. Therefore, that preoccupation distracts his focus from his prayers. Here, in the case of the four species, they are related to performance of a mitzva, so he is not preoccupied with them in a manner that will distract him from his prayers.

תַּנְיָא, רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר: כָּךְ הָיָה מִנְהָגָן שֶׁל אַנְשֵׁי יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, אָדָם יוֹצֵא מִבֵּיתוֹ וְלוּלָבוֹ בְּיָדוֹ, הוֹלֵךְ לְבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת לוּלָבוֹ בְּיָדוֹ, קוֹרֵא קְרִיאַת שְׁמַע וּמִתְפַּלֵּל וְלוּלָבוֹ בְּיָדוֹ, קוֹרֵא בַּתּוֹרָה וְנוֹשֵׂא אֶת כַּפָּיו – מַנִּיחוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע. הוֹלֵךְ לְבַקֵּר חוֹלִים וּלְנַחֵם אֲבֵלִים – לוּלָבוֹ בְּיָדוֹ, נִכְנָס לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ – מְשַׁגֵּר לוּלָבוֹ בְּיַד בְּנוֹ וּבְיַד עַבְדּוֹ וּבְיַד שְׁלוּחוֹ.

The Gemara cites support for the custom mentioned above, as it is taught in a baraita that Rabbi Elazar bar Tzadok says: This was the custom of the people of Jerusalem during the festival of Sukkot . A person leaves his house, and his lulav is in his hand; he goes to the synagogue, and his lulav is in his hand; he recites Shema and prays, and his lulav is in his hand; he reads the Torah and a priest lifts his hands to recite the priestly benediction, and he places it on the ground because he cannot perform those tasks while holding the lulav . He goes to visit the ill or to console mourners, and his lulav is in his hand; he enters the study hall to study Torah, and he sends his lulav home in the hands of his son, in the hands of his slave, or in the hands of his agent.

מַאי קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן? לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ כַּמָּה הָיוּ זְרִיזִין בְּמִצְו‍ֹת.

The Gemara asks: What is the baraita teaching us by relating all these details that appear to establish the same practice? The Gemara explains: It is to inform you how vigilant they were in the performance of mitzvot and how much they cherished them.

״רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר יוֹם טוֹב״. אָמַר אַבַּיֵי:

§ The mishna continues: Rabbi Yosei says that if the first day of the Festival occurs on Shabbat, and one forgot and carried the lulav out into the public domain, he is exempt from liability to bring a sin-offering. Abaye said: