דְּשָׁלְקִי לֵיהּ שִׁבְעָא זִימְנֵי, וְאִי לָא שָׁקְלִי לֵיהּ– מַסְרַח וְכִפְסוֹלֶת מִתּוֹךְ אוֹכֶל דָּמֵי.

as they are boiled seven times. And, if one does not remove them from the shells, they rot. Therefore, it is considered like removing waste from food. The rotting edible portion of the lupine causes the shell to reek. Removing the edible portion, therefore, has the legal status of removing waste.

“וְהַטּוֹחֵן״. אָמַר רַב פַּפָּא: הַאי מַאן דְּפָרֵים סִילְקָא – חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם טוֹחֵן. אָמַר רַב מְנַשֶּׁה: הַאי מַאן דְּסָלֵית סִילְתֵּי – חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם טוֹחֵן. אָמַר רַב אַשִׁי: אִיקָפֵיד אַמְּשַׁחָתָא – חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם מְחַתֵּךְ.

We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor: And one who grinds. Rav Pappa said: One who chops beets into small pieces on Shabbat is liable due to the prohibited labor of grinding, as the actions are similar. Rav Menashe said: One who chops wood chips for sawdust (Rambam) is liable due to the prohibited labor of grinding. Rav Ashi said: If he is particular in his chopping with regard to the measurement, i.e., he is careful to cut all the chips to a particular size, he is also liable due to the labor of cutting.

“וְהַלָּשׁ וְהָאוֹפֶה״. אָמַר רַב פַּפָּא: שְׁבַק תַּנָּא דִּידַן בִּישּׁוּל סַמְמָנִין דַּהֲוָה בַּמִּשְׁכָּן וּנְקַט אוֹפֶה! תַּנָּא דִּידַן – סִידּוּרָא דְּפַת נְקַט.

We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor: And one who kneads and one who bakes. Rav Pappa said: Our tanna left out the labor of cooking the spices for dye, which was performed in the Tabernacle, and included the labor of baking, which was not performed in the construction of the Tabernacle. If, as stated above, all the primary categories of labor were derived from the labors in the Tabernacle, why did the tanna omit cooking? The Gemara answers: Our tanna cited the sequence of preparing bread, which was the underlying principle behind his organization of the primary categories of labor. He opened with plowing and concluded with the preparation of bread.

אָמַר רַב אַחָא בַּר רַב עֲוִירָא: הַאי מַאן דִּשְׁדָא סִיכְתָּא לְאַתּוּנָא – חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם מְבַשֵּׁל. פְּשִׁיטָא! מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא – לְשַׁרוֹרֵי מָנָא קָא מִיכַּוֵּין, קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן: דְּמִירְפָא רְפִי, וַהֲדַר קְמִיט. אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר רַב הוּנָא: הַאי מַאן דְּאַרְתַּח כּוּפְרָא – חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם מְבַשֵּׁל. פְּשִׁיטָא! מַהוּ דְּתֵימָא: כֵּיוָן דַּהֲדַר וְאֵיקוּשָׁא – אֵימָא לָא, קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן.

Rav Aḥa bar Rav Avira said: One who places a peg into an oven is liable for performing the labor of cooking. The Gemara asks: That is obvious. The Gemara answers: Lest you say that he intends to strengthen the utensil, as ultimately, the peg is hardened in the oven, in contrast to cooking in which the fire softens the item being cooked. Therefore, he teaches us that initially the wood is softened in the oven, and only afterward it is hardened. Rabba bar Rav Huna said: One who boils pitch is liable for performing the labor of cooking. The Gemara asks: That is obvious. The Gemara answers: Lest you say that since it proceeds to harden afterward, say that it is not considered cooking. One might think that since the pitch was hard before it was cooked and will ultimately be hard after it is cooked, boiling pitch is not considered cooking. Therefore, he teaches us that even a temporary change is considered cooking.

אָמַר רָבָא: הַאי מַאן דְּעָבַד חֲבִיתָא – חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם שֶׁבַע חַטָּאוֹת, תַּנּוּרָא – חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם שְׁמוֹנֶה חַטָּאוֹת. אָמַר אַבַּיֵי: הַאי מַאן דְּעָבַד חַלְתָּא – חַיָּיב אַחַת עֶשְׂרֶה חַטָּאוֹת, וְאִי חַיְּיטֵיהּ לְפוּמֵּיהּ – חַיָּיב שְׁלֹשׁ עֶשְׂרֶה חַטָּאוֹת.

Rava said: One who unwittingly crafted an earthenware barrel on Shabbat is liable to bring seven sin-offerings: He crumbles the lumps of dirt; which is (1) grinding; (2) selects the stones from the dirt; (3) kneads the mortar; (4) cuts the mortar into pieces of a suitable size; (5) builds the mold; (6) kindles the fire, and then fires the earthenware vessel, which is (7) baking ( ge’onim ). One who crafts an oven is liable for eight sin-offerings, since in addition to those seven labors, he spreads another layer of mortar to finish the job, performing the prohibited labor of (8) smoothing. Abaye said: One who unwittingly crafts a receptacle from reeds on Shabbat is liable to bring eleven sin-offerings. In pruning the reeds, he performed both (1) reaping and (2) planting, as he stimulates growth of the remaining reeds. He (3) gathers the reeds; (4) selects them; (5) smooths and levels them; cuts them into small pieces, which is (6) grinding; and (7) cuts them to a particular measurement. When he begins weaving the reeds, he performs the labors of (8) stretching the warp; (9) constructing two meshes; and (10) weaving. Crafting the object as a whole constitutes (11) building ( ge’onim ). And if he sews the mouth of the receptacle, he is liable to bring thirteen sin-offerings with the added labors of (12) sewing and (13) tying.

“הַגּוֹזֵז אֶת הַצֶּמֶר וְהַמְלַבְּנוֹ״. אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: הַטּוֹוֶה צֶמֶר שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי בְּהֵמָה בַּשַּׁבָּת – חַיָּיב שָׁלֹשׁ חַטָּאוֹת; אַחַת מִשּׁוּם גּוֹזֵז, וְאַחַת מִשּׁוּם מְנַפֵּץ, וְאַחַת מִשּׁוּם טוֹוֶה. רַב כָּהֲנָא אָמַר: אֵין דֶּרֶךְ גְּזִיזָה בְּכָךְ, וְאֵין דֶּרֶךְ מְנַפֵּץ בְּכָךְ, וְאֵין דֶּרֶךְ טְוִוי בְּכָךְ. וְלֹא?! וְהָתַנְיָא מִשְּׁמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי נְחֶמְיָה: שָׁטוֹף בָּעִזִּים וְטָווּ בָּעִזִּים! אַלְמָא: טְוִויָּה עַל גַּבֵּי בְּהֵמָה שְׁמָהּ טְוִויָּה! חָכְמָה יְתֵירָה שָׁאנֵי.

We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor: One who shears wool, and one who whitens it, which are labors in the process of shearing and spinning wool. Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: One who unwittingly spins wool still attached on the back of an animal on Shabbat is liable to bring three sin-offerings: One due to shearing, since, in the process, some of the wool is detached from the sheep; and one due to combing the wool; and one due to spinning. Rav Kahana said: This is not a typical manner of shearing, and this is not a typical manner of combing, and this is not a typical manner of spinning. The Gemara asks: And is that not a typical manner of spinning? Wasn’t it taught in a baraita in the name of Rabbi Neḥemya that the verse in the context of the work of the Tabernacle: “And all the women whose hearts lifted them with wisdom spun the goats” (Exodus 35:26) means that they washed the hair on the goats, and they spun it into threads on the goats themselves without first shearing the hair? Apparently, spinning on the back of an animal is considered a typical manner of spinning. The Gemara answers: Extraordinary wisdom is different. Although certain individuals are capable of spinning wool that way, the typical person is not capable of performing that feat.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: הַתּוֹלֵשׁ אֶת הַכָּנָף, וְהַקּוֹטְמוֹ, וְהַמּוֹרְטוֹ – חַיָּיב שָׁלֹשׁ חַטָּאוֹת. (וְאָמַר רַבִּי) שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן לָקִישׁ: תּוֹלֵשׁ חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם גּוֹזֵז, קוֹטֵם חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם מְחַתֵּךְ, מְמָרֵט חַיָּיב מִשּׁוּם מְמַחֵק.

The Sages taught in a Tosefta : One who unwittingly plucks a large feather from the wing of a bird on Shabbat, and who snips the tip of the feather, and who pulls out the thin threads that comprise the feather is liable to bring three sin-offerings. And Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish said in explanation: One who plucks the wing is liable due to the labor of shearing. One who snips the tip of the feather is liable due to cutting. And one who pulls out the threads is liable due to smoothing.

“הַקּוֹשֵׁר וְהַמַּתִּיר״. קְשִׁירָה בַּמִּשְׁכָּן הֵיכָא הֲוַאי? אָמַר רָבָא: שֶׁכֵּן קוֹשְׁרִין בְּיִתְדוֹת אֹהָלִים. (קוֹשְׁרִים?!) הַהוּא קוֹשֵׁר עַל מְנָת לְהַתִּיר הוּא! אֶלָּא אָמַר אַבַּיֵי: שֶׁכֵּן אוֹרְגֵי יְרִיעוֹת שֶׁנִּפְסְקָה לָהֶן נִימָא קוֹשְׁרִים אוֹתָהּ. אָמַר לֵיהּ רָבָא: תֵּרַצְתָּ קוֹשֵׁר, מַתִּיר מַאי אִיכָּא לְמֵימַר? וְכִי תֵּימָא: דְּאִי מִתְרַמֵּי לֵיהּ תְּרֵי חוּטֵי קִיטְרֵי בַּהֲדֵי הֲדָדֵי, שָׁרֵי חַד וְקָטַר חַד – הָשְׁתָּא לִפְנֵי מֶלֶךְ בָּשָׂר וָדָם אֵין עוֹשִׂין כֵּן, לִפְנֵי מֶלֶך מַלְכֵי הַמְּלָכִים הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עוֹשִׂין! אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא וְאִיתֵימָא רַבִּי עֶילָאי: שֶׁכֵּן צָדֵי חִלָּזוֹן קוֹשְׁרִין וּמַתִּירִין.

We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor: One who ties and one who unties. The Gemara asks: Where was there tying in the Tabernacle? Rava said: They tied the tents of the Tabernacle to the pegs. The Gemara rejects this: And is that considered performance of the labor of tying? That was tying a knot in order to untie it. When the children of Israel departed from an encampment, they dismantled the Tabernacle, which involved untying all of the knots. One is not liable for tying a temporary knot on Shabbat. Rather, Abaye said: As the weavers of curtains for the Tabernacle, when a thread would rip, they would tie it. Rava said to him: You have resolved the problem with regard to the labor of tying; however, with regard to the labor of untying, what can be said? Where, in the construction of the Tabernacle, was the labor of untying performed? And if you say that it was performed if one found two threads with knots tied next to each other, he untied one and left one tied; now, before a king of flesh and blood one would not do so, as the curtain would look flawed, in the Tabernacle, before the King of kings, the Holy One, Blessed be He, would one do so? Rather, Rava said, and some say that Rav Elai said: The trappers of ḥilazon , whose blood was used in the Tabernacle as a dye, tie and untie their nets.

“וְהַתּוֹפֵר שְׁתֵּי תְפִירוֹת״. וְהָא לָא קָיְימָא! אָמַר רַבָּה בַּר בַּר חָנָה אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: וְהוּא שֶׁקְּשָׁרָן.

We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor: And one who sews two stitches. The Gemara asks: That does not endure; two stitches will unravel immediately. A prohibited labor whose result is temporary is not considered a prohibited labor. Rabba bar bar Ḥana said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: That has the legal status of a prohibited labor only in a case where, after sewing the stitches, he tied them. He tied a knot at each of the two ends of the thread so that the stitches would not unravel.

“הַקּוֹרֵעַ עַל מְנָת לִתְפּוֹר״. קְרִיעָה בַּמִּשְׁכָּן מִי הֲוָה? רַבָּה וְרַבִּי זֵירָא דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַויְיהוּ:

We learned in the mishna, among those liable for performing primary categories of labor: One who tears in order to sew two stitches. The Gemara asks: Was there tearing in the construction of the Tabernacle? The Gemara answers that it was Rabba and Rabbi Zeira who both said the following explanation: