אֶלָּא לְעֵדוּת אִשָּׁה בִּלְבַד.

only for testimony that a woman’s husband died, enabling her to remarry.

אִיבַּעֲיָא לְהוּ עֵד מִפִּי עֵד לְעֵדוּת בְּכוֹר מַהוּ? רַב אַמִי אָסֵיר וְרַב אַסִי שָׁרֵי.

A dilemma was raised before the Sages about a related matter: With regard to hearsay testimony in testimony permitting a priest to eat a firstborn animal, what is the halakha ? After the destruction of the Temple, the Sages decreed that if a priest has the firstborn offspring of a kosher animal and it becomes blemished, he must bring witnesses to testify that he did not cause the blemish. Priests were suspected of violating the prohibition against inflicting a wound on firstborn animals to enable them to eat the animals. The question here pertains to a case in which there is no one available who can testify that he saw firsthand how the animal was blemished, but there is someone who heard from an eyewitness how the blemish was caused. Rav Ami prohibited accepting hearsay testimony in this case, and Rav Asi permitted doing so.

אָמַר לֵיהּ רַב אַמִי לְרַב אַסִי: וְהָא תְּנָא דְּבֵי מְנַשְׁיָא: אֵין עֵד מִפִּי עֵד כָּשֵׁר אֶלָּא לְעֵדוּת אִשָּׁה בִּלְבַד! אֵימָא: לְעֵדוּת שֶׁהָאִשָּׁה כְּשֵׁרָה לָהּ בִּלְבַד. רַב יֵימָר אַכְשַׁר עֵד מִפִּי עֵד לִבְכוֹר. קָרֵי עֲלֵיהּ מָרֵימָר: יֵימָר שָׁרֵי בּוּכְרָא. וְהִלְכְתָא: עֵד מִפִּי עֵד כָּשֵׁר לִבְכוֹר.

Rav Ami said to Rav Asi: Didn’t the school of Menashya teach that hearsay testimony is only valid in testimony enabling a woman to remarry, indicating that it is not accepted in the case of a firstborn animal? Rav Asi answered: Emend the previously cited ruling and say: Hearsay testimony is only valid in testimony for which the testimony of a woman is valid. A woman’s testimony is accepted with regard to the death of a man, enabling his wife to remarry, and it is also accepted with regard to a firstborn animal. Rav Yeimar deemed hearsay testimony valid in permitting the slaughter of a firstborn animal that developed a blemish. Mareimar called him: Yeimar who permits the firstborn; Mareimar was of the opinion that testimony of that kind is invalid and cannot provide the basis to allow the animal to be slaughtered. The Gemara concludes: And the halakha is that hearsay testimony is valid with regard to a firstborn animal.

“חַלּוֹת דְּבַשׁ״. כִּי אֲתָא רַב הוֹשַׁעֲיָא מִנְּהַרְדְּעָא, אֲתָא וְאַיְיתֵי מַתְנִיתָא בִּידֵיהּ: זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים שֶׁרִיסְּקָן מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת, וְיָצְאוּ מֵעַצְמָן – אֲסוּרִין, וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּירִין.

We learned in the mishna that according to Rabbi Eliezer, honey that flows on its own from honeycombs is permitted on Shabbat. When Rav Hoshaya came from Neharde’a, he came and brought a baraita with him: With regard to olives and grapes that one crushed before Shabbat and their juices seeped out on their own on Shabbat, the juices are prohibited for use on Shabbat; and Rabbi Elazar and Rabbi Shimon permit using them.

אֲמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: גַּבְרָא יְתֵירָא אֲתָא לְאַשְׁמַעִינַן?! אָמַר לֵיהּ אַבַּיֵי: טוּבָא קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן, דְּאִי מִמַּתְנִיתִין – הֲוָה אָמִינָא: הָתָם הוּא – דְּמֵעִיקָּרָא אוּכְלָא וּלְבַסּוֹף אוּכְלָא, אֲבָל הָכָא דְּמֵעִיקָּרָא אוּכְלָא וּלְבַסּוֹף מַשְׁקֶה – אֵימָא לָא, קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן.

Rav Yosef said rhetorically: Did he merely come to teach us an additional person? This opinion already appears in the mishna in the name of Rabbi Elazar. Did Rav Hoshaya cite the baraita merely to add the name of Rabbi Shimon? Abaye said to him: He is teaching us a great deal, as if we learned this matter from the mishna alone, I would have said: It is there that it is permitted, because initially it was food and ultimately it remained food, since it is possible to assert that the honey that seeped is a food rather than a liquid. However, here, with regard to olives and grapes, which initially were food and ultimately became liquid, say that it is not permitted even according to Rabbi Elazar. Therefore, he is teaching us that Rabbi Elazar rules leniently even in the case of olives and grapes.

מתני׳ כֹּל שֶׁבָּא בַּחַמִּין מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת – שׁוֹרִין אוֹתוֹ בַּחַמִּין בַּשַּׁבָּת. וְכֹל שֶׁלֹּא בָּא בַּחַמִּין מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת – מְדִיחִין אוֹתוֹ בַּחַמִּין בַּשַּׁבָּת. חוּץ מִן הַמָּלִיחַ הַיָּשָׁן (וְדָגִים מְלוּחִין קְטַנִּים) וְקוֹלְיַיס הָאִיסְפָּנִין, שֶׁהֲדָחָתָן זוֹ הִיא גְּמָר מְלַאכְתָּן.

Any salted food item that was already placed in hot water, i.e., cooked, before Shabbat, one may soak it in hot water even on Shabbat. And anything that was not placed in hot water before Shabbat, one may rinse it in hot water on Shabbat but may not soak it, with the exception of old salted fish and small salted fish and the kolyas ha’ispanin fish, for which rinsing with hot water itself is completion of the prohibited labor of cooking.

גמ׳ כְּגוֹן מַאי? אֲמַר רַב סָפְרָא: כְּגוֹן תַּרְנְגוֹלְתָּא דְּרַבִּי אַבָּא. וַאֲמַר רַב סָפְרָא: זִימְנָא חֲדָא אִיקְלָעִית לְהָתָם, וְאוֹכְלַן מִינֵּיהּ, וְאִי לָא רַבִּי אַבָּא דְּאַשְׁקֵיַין חַמְרָא בַּר תְּלָתָא טָרְפֵי – אִיתְנַסִּי.

We learned in the mishna that an item that was cooked before Shabbat may be soaked in hot water on Shabbat. The Gemara asks: In what case would soaking in hot water be required after the item was already cooked? Rav Safra said: In the case of the chicken of Rabbi Abba, which for medical reasons was cooked so thoroughly that it completely dissolved. And Rav Safra said: One time I happened to come there and he fed me chicken prepared that way, and if not for the fact that Rabbi Abba gave me three-leaf-, i.e., year, old wine to drink, I would have been forced to vomit.

רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן רָיֵיק מִכּוּתָּח דְּבַבְלָאֵי. אֲמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: וְלִירוֹק אֲנַן מִתַּרְנְגוֹלְתָּא דְּרַבִּי אַבָּא. וְעוֹד, אֲמַר רַב גָּזַא: זִימְנָא חֲדָא אִיקְלָעִית לְהָתָם, וְעַבְדִית כּוּתָּח דְּבַבְלָאֵי, שְׁאִילוּ מִינֵּיהּ כָּל בְּרִיחִי מַעַרְבָא.

The Gemara relates that Rabbi Yoḥanan would spit from the thought of Babylonian kutaḥ , because he found it so disgusting. Rav Yosef said: Then we should spit from the thought of Rabbi Abba’s chicken, which is even more disgusting to people from Babylonia. And furthermore, Rav Gaza said: On one occasion I happened to come there, to Eretz Yisrael, and I prepared Babylonian kutaḥ , and all of the sick people of the West, Eretz Yisrael, asked me for it. Apparently, not everyone in Eretz Yisrael found it disgusting.

“כֹּל שֶׁלֹּא בָּא בַּחַמִּין וכו׳״. הֵדִיחַ מַאי? אָמַר רַב יוֹסֵף: הֵדִיחַ – חַיָּיב חַטָּאת. אֲמַר מָר בְּרֵיהּ דְּרָבִינָא: אַף אֲנַן נַמִי תְּנֵינָא “חוּץ מִמָּלִיחַ יָשָׁן וְקוֹלְיַיס הָאִיסְפָּנִין שֶׁהֲדָחָתָן זוֹ הִיא גְּמָר מְלַאכְתָּן״ שְׁמַע מִינָּהּ.

We learned in the mishna: Anything that was not cooked in hot water before Shabbat, one may rinse it in hot water on Shabbat except for salted fish and kolyas ha’ispanin . The Gemara asks: If one unwittingly rinsed it, what is the halakha ? Rav Yosef said: If one rinsed these foods, he is liable to bring a sin-offering for having performed the prohibited labor of cooking. Mar, son of Ravina, said: We, too, have also learned this ruling in the mishna, which states: Except for old salted fish and kolyas ha’ispanin , rinsing itself is completion of their prohibited labor of cooking. One who rinses these items is considered to have performed a prohibited labor. The Gemara concludes: Indeed, learn from this that this is the ruling.

יְתֵיב רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא וְרַבִּי אַסִי קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, וִיתֵיב רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן וְקָא מְנַמְנֵם. אָמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא לְרַבִּי אַסִי: מִפְּנֵי מָה עוֹפוֹת שֶׁבְּבָבֶל שְׁמֵנִים? אָמַר לֵיהּ: כַּלֵּךְ לְמִדְבַּר עַזָּה וְאַרְאֲךָ שְׁמֵנִים מֵהֶן. מִפְּנֵי מָה מוֹעֲדִים שֶׁבְּבָבֶל שְׂמֵחִים? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן עֲנִיִּים. מִפְּנֵי מָה תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁבְּבָבֶל מְצוּיָּינִין? לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָן בְּנֵי תּוֹרָה. מִפְּנֵי מַה גּוֹיִם מְזוֹהָמִים? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאוֹכְלִין שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים.

Apropos relations between the Jews of Eretz Yisrael and Babylonia, the Gemara relates: Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba and Rabbi Asi were sitting before Rabbi Yoḥanan, and Rabbi Yoḥanan was sitting and dozing. In the meantime the two of them conversed. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said to Rabbi Asi: For what reason are the fowl in Babylonia fatter than those in Eretz Yisrael? He said to him: This is not at all the case; go to the desert of Gaza in Eretz Yisrael, and I will show you fowl that are fatter than them. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba then asked: For what reason are Festivals in Babylonia more joyous than those in Eretz Yisrael? Rabbi Asi answered him: Because in Babylonia they are poor, and it is only on Festivals that they have a lot to eat, which causes them to rejoice. Rabbi Ḥiyya then asked: For what reason are Torah scholars in Babylonia distinguished by their special rabbinic garb? Rabbi Asi answered: Because they are not well-versed in Torah. If they would not distinguish themselves by dressing differently, they would not be respected for their Torah knowledge. He then asked: For what reason are gentiles ethically contaminated? He answered: Because they eat abominable creatures and crawling things, and that causes bad character traits.

אִיתְעַר בְּהוּ רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, אֲמַר לְהוּ: דַּרְדַּקֵי! לֹא כָּךְ אָמַרְתִּי לָכֶם “אֱמוֹר לַחָכְמָה אֲחוֹתִי אָתְּ״ אִם בָּרוּר לְךָ הַדָּבָר כַּאֲחוֹתְךָ שֶׁהִיא אֲסוּרָה לְךָ – אוֹמְרֵהוּ, וְאִם לָאו – לֹא תֹּאמְרֵהוּ! אָמְרוּ לֵיהּ: וְלֵימָא לָן מָר אֵיזֶה מֵהֶן. מִפְּנֵי מָה עוֹפוֹת שֶׁבְּבָבֶל שְׁמֵנִים? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא גָּלוּ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר “שַׁאֲנַן מוֹאָב מִנְּעוּרָיו וְשֹׁקֵט הוּא אֶל שְׁמָרָיו וּבַגּוֹלָה לֹא הָלָךְ״.

Rabbi Yoḥanan woke up due to their discussion and said to them: You children, did I not tell you this, that the verse “Say to wisdom: You are my sister, and call understanding your kin” (Proverbs 7:4) means that if the matter is as clear to you as the fact that your sister is forbidden to you, say it, and if not, do not say it; and these explanations that you offered are unfounded. They said to him: Then will the Master tell us the answers to some of them? He said to them: Why are the fowl in Babylonia fatter than those in Eretz Yisrael? Because they were not exiled, as it says: “Moab has been at ease since his youth and he has settled on his lees, and he was not emptied from vessel to vessel and did not go into captivity; therefore his taste remained in him and his scent did not change” (Jeremiah 48:11). Apparently, one who is not exiled retains his strength.

וְהָכָא מְנָלָן דְּגָלוּ – דְּתַנְיָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: חֲמִשִּׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם שָׁנָה לֹא עָבַר אִישׁ בִּיהוּדָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר “עַל הֶהָרִים אֶשָּׂא בְּכִי וָנֶהִי וגו׳ מֵעוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם וְעַד בְּהֵמָה נָדָדוּ הָלָכוּ״. בְּהֵמָ״ה בְּגִימַטְרִיָּא חַמְשִׁין וְתַרְתֵּין הָווּ.

And here in Eretz Yisrael, from where do we derive that even the animals and birds were exiled? As it was taught in a baraita : Rabbi Yehuda says that no person passed through the land of Judea for fifty-two years, as it is stated: “I will raise crying and wailing for the mountains and a lamentation for the pastures of the wilderness, for they have been burned, with no person passing through, and they do not hear the voice of the cattle, from the bird of the heavens to the beast [ behema , spelled beit , heh , mem , heh ], all have fled and gone” (Jeremiah 9:9). Behema has a numerical value of fifty-two, alluding to the fact that no one passed through for fifty-two years. From the verse cited in this baraita , it is clear that even the animals and birds were exiled, as it states: “All have fled and gone.”

אָמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כּוּלָּן חָזְרוּ, חוּץ מִקּוֹלְיַיס הָאִיסְפָּנִין. דַּאֲמַר רַב: הָנֵי מַדְרֵי דְּבָבֶל מְהַדְּרִי מַיָּא לְעֵין עֵיטָם, וְהַאי כֵּיוָן דְּלָא שָׁרֵיר שִׁדְרֵיהּ לָא מָצֵי סָלֵיק.

Rabbi Ya’akov said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: They all returned except for the kolyas ha’ispanin , as Rav said: Those inclines of Babylonia return the water through underground watercourses to the spring of Eitam in Eretz Yisrael, and the fish also returned through these watercourses. And this fish, the kolyas , because its spine is not strong, it could not ascend these watercourses and did not return to Eretz Yisrael.

מִפְּנֵי מַה מּוֹעֲדִים שֶׁבְּבָבֶל שְׂמֵחִים? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלֹּא הָיוּ בְּאוֹתָהּ קְלָלָה, דִּכְתִיב “וְהִשְׁבַּתִּי כָּל מְשׂוֹשָׂהּ חַגָּהּ חָדְשָׁהּ וְשַׁבַּתָּהּ וְכֹל מוֹעֲדָהּ״. וּכְתִיב “חָדְשֵׁיכֶם וּמוֹעֲדֵיכֶם שָׂנְאָה נַפְשִׁי הָיוּ עָלַי לָטוֹרַח״. מַאי “הָיוּ עָלַי לָטוֹרַח״? – אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא: לֹא דַּיָּין לְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁחוֹטְאִין לְפָנַי, אֶלָּא שֶׁמַּטְרִיחִין אוֹתִי לֵידַע אֵיזוֹ גְּזֵירָה קָשָׁה אָבִיא עֲלֵיהֶן! אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק: אֵין לְךָ כָּל רֶגֶל וָרֶגֶל שֶׁלֹּא בָּאֲתָה בּוֹלֶשֶׁת לְצִיפּוֹרִי. וְאָמַר רַבִּי חֲנִינָא: אֵין לְךָ כָּל רֶגֶל וָרֶגֶל שֶׁלֹּא בָּא לְטִבֶּרְיָה אֶגְמוֹן וְקָמְטוֹן וּבַעַל זְמוֹרָה.

Rabbi Yoḥanan continued to answer the questions of Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba and Rabbi Asi: For what reason are the Festivals in Babylonia more joyous than those in Eretz Yisrael? Because they were not included in that curse with which Eretz Yisrael was cursed, as it is written: “And I will cause all of her happiness to cease, her Festival, her New Moon, and her Shabbat and all her Festivals” (Hosea 2:13). And it is also written: “My soul hates your New Moons and your Festivals; they are a burden to Me; I am weary to bear them” (Isaiah 1:14). What is the meaning of the phrase: “They are a burden to me”? Rabbi Elazar said that the Holy One, Blessed be He, said: Is it not enough for the Jewish people that they sin before Me, that they also burden Me to know which harsh decree I will bring upon them? Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Because of this curse, there is not a single Festival on which troops did not come to Tzippori to conduct searches or to collect taxes. And Rabbi Ḥanina said: There is not a single Festival on which an egmon and a kamton and a branch bearer, Roman officials, did not come to Tiberias to collect taxes, thereby disrupting the festive celebrations.

מִפְּנֵי מָה תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁבְּבָבֶל מְצוּיָּינִין? לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָן בְּנֵי מְקוֹמָן. דְּאָמְרִי אֱינָשֵׁי: בְּמָתָא – שְׁמַאי, בְּלָא מָתָא – תּוֹתְבַאי. “הַבָּאִים יַשְׁרֵשׁ יַעֲקֹב יָצִיץ וּפָרַח יִשְׂרָאֵל״, תָּנֵי רַב יוֹסֵף: אֵלּוּ תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁבְּבָבֶל, שֶׁעוֹשִׂין צִיצִין וּפְרָחִים לַתּוֹרָה.

For what reason are the Torah scholars in Babylonia distinguished by special garb? Because they are not native to that place and therefore require special dress to distinguish themselves, as people say in the folk expression: In my own city, I am honored for my name; in a place that is not my own city, I am honored for my clothing. The Gemara then praised the Sages of Babylonia by interpreting the verse “In days to come Jacob will take root, Israel will bud and blossom” (Isaiah 27:6). Rav Yosef taught: These are the Torah scholars in Babylonia, who add buds and blossoms to the Torah.

מִפְּנֵי מַה גּוֹיִם מְזוֹהָמִין? שֶׁלֹּא עָמְדוּ עַל הַר סִינַי. שֶׁבְּשָׁעָה

Rabbi Yoḥanan then explained to them: Why are gentiles ethically contaminated? It is because they did not stand on Mount Sinai. As when