שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא דִּבּוּרְךָ שֶׁל שַׁבָּת כְּדִבּוּרְךָ שֶׁל חוֹל. דִּבּוּר – אָסוּר, הִרְהוּר – מוּתָּר. בִּשְׁלָמָא כּוּלְּהוּ – לְחַיֵּי, אֶלָּא “שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא הִילּוּכְךָ שֶׁל שַׁבָּת כְּהִילּוּכְךָ שֶׁל חוֹל״ מַאי הִיא? כִּי הָא דְּאָמַר רַב הוּנָא אָמַר רַב, וְאָמְרִי לֵיהּ אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא אָמַר רַב הוּנָא: הָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ בַּשַּׁבָּת וּפָגַע בְּאַמַּת הַמַּיִם, אִם יָכוֹל לְהַנִּיחַ אֶת רַגְלוֹ רִאשׁוֹנָה קוֹדֶם שֶׁתֵּעָקֵר שְׁנִיָּה – מוּתָּר, וְאִם לָאו – אָסוּר.

means that your speech on Shabbat should not be like your speech during the week, i.e., one should not discuss his weekday affairs on Shabbat. However, it is only speech that they said is prohibited, whereas merely contemplating weekday affairs is permitted. The Gemara asks: Granted, all of these directives, fine, they are understood. However, what is the meaning of the following phrase: That your walking on Shabbat should not be like your walking during the week? The Gemara answers: It is in accordance with that which Rav Huna said that Rav said, and some say that Rabbi Abba said that Rav Huna said: If one were walking on Shabbat and came upon a stream of water and had to cross it, if the stream is narrow and one could place his first foot down on the other side before raising the second one, it is permitted to cross it; and if it is not possible and one must jump to cross it, it is prohibited. That is the type of walking that is not permitted on Shabbat.

מַתְקִיף לָהּ רָבָא: הֵיכִי לִיעֲבֵיד? לִיקַף – קָמַפֵּישׁ בְּהִילּוּכָא, לִיעֲבַר – זִימְנִין דְּמִיתְוָוסָן מָאנֵי מַיָּא, וְאָתֵי לִידֵי סְחִיטָה! אֶלָּא: בְּהָא כֵּיוָן דְּלָא אֶפְשָׁר שַׁפִּיר דָּמֵי אֶלָּא כְּדִבְעָא מִינֵּיהּ רַבִּי מֵרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי: מַהוּ לִפְסוֹעַ פְּסִיעָה גַּסָּה בַּשַּׁבָּת? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְכִי בַּחוֹל מִי הוּתְּרָה? שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: פְּסִיעָה גַּסָּה נוֹטֶלֶת אֶחָד מֵחֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת מִמְּאוֹר עֵינָיו שֶׁל אָדָם. וּמְהַדֵר לֵיהּ בְּקִידּוּשָׁא דְּבֵי שִׁמְשֵׁי.

Rava strongly objects to this: Since we have said that one’s walking on Shabbat should not be like his walking during the week, and jumping constitutes prohibited walking, if one encounters a stream on Shabbat, what should he do to cross to the other side? If he circumvents the stream, he is increasing the distance that he is walking and exerting extra effort on Shabbat. If he walks through the water, sometimes his clothes will absorb water and he will come to wring them out. What then should he do? Rather, in this case, since it is not possible to cross any other way, he may well cross it, i.e., it is permitted for him to jump over the stream. rather say that walking that is defined as characteristic of weekday walking involves taking large steps. As Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi raised a dilemma before Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei: What is the ruling with regard to taking large steps on Shabbat? That is what the Gemara meant when it used the phrase: Your walking during the week. Rabbi Yishmael said to him: And during the week are large steps permitted? As I say: A large step takes away one five-hundredth of a person’s eyesight. The Gemara comments: And his eyesight is restored to him during kiddush on Shabbat evening.

בְּעָא מִינֵּיהּ רַבִּי מֵרַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל בְּרַבִּי יוֹסֵי: מַהוּ לֶאֱכוֹל אֲדָמָה בַּשַּׁבָּת? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: וְכִי בַּחוֹל מִי הוּתְּרָה? שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹמֵר: אַף בַּחוֹל אָסוּר, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מַלְקֶה. אָמַר רַבִּי אַמִי: כֹּל הָאוֹכֵל מֵעֲפָרָהּ שֶׁל בָּבֶל – כְּאִילּוּ אוֹכֵל מִבְּשַׂר אֲבוֹתָיו, וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: כְּאִילּוּ אוֹכֵל שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים, דִּכְתִיב: “וַיִּמַח אֶת כָּל הַיְקוּם וגו׳.״

And Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi raised a dilemma before Rabbi Yishmael, son of Rabbi Yosei: What is the ruling with regard to eating earth for medicinal purposes on Shabbat? Rabbi Yishmael said to him: And during the week is it permitted to eat soil? As I say: Even during the week it is prohibited because it is harmful. Rabbi Ami said: Anyone who eats the dust of Babylonia, it is as if he is eating the flesh of his ancestors buried there. And some say: It is as if he eats abominations and creeping creatures, as it is written: “And He wiped out all that existed on the face of the earth, from humans to animals, to creeping creatures to the birds in the sky, and they were wiped off the land” (Genesis 7:23).

אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ “שִׁנְעָר״ – שֶׁכָּל מֵתֵי מַבּוּל נִנְעֲרוּ לְשָׁם. אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמָהּ “מְצוּלָה״ – שֶׁכָּל מֵתֵי מַבּוּל נִצְטַלְּלוּ לְשָׁם. “[וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים כְּאִילּוּ אוֹכֵל] שְׁקָצִים וּרְמָשִׂים״ וְהָא וַדַּאי אִיתְמַחוּיֵי אִיתְמַחוּ! אָמְרִי: כֵּיוָן דְּמַלְקִי גְּזַרוּ בֵּיהּ רַבָּנַן; דְּהָא הַהוּא גַּבְרָא דַּאֲכַל גַּרְגִּישְׁתָא, וַאֲכַל תַּחֲלֵי, וּקְדַחוּ לֵיהּ תַּחֲלֵיהּ בְּלִבֵּיהּ וּמִית.

Apropos dead residue in the ground, Reish Lakish said: Why is Babylonia called Shinar? It is because all those who died in the Flood were deposited there [ ninaru lesham ]. Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Why is Babylonia called Metzula? It is because all those who died in the Flood sank there [ nitztalelu lesham ]. The Gemara asks: We said that some say that if one eats dirt from Babylonia, it is as if he eats abominations and creeping creatures. However, certainly their bodies have putrefied and decomposed, and therefore they are no longer prohibited. Rather, since soil is harmful, the Sages issued a decree not to eat it. The decree was not issued due to the prohibition of eating creeping creatures; rather, it was issued because a certain person ate soil for medicinal purposes and also ate cress. The cress took root in the soil that was inside him and began to grow. And the cress punctured his heart and he died.

“וְרָחַצְתְּ וָסַכְתְּ וְשַׂמְתְּ שִׂמְלֹתַיִךְ״ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: אֵלּוּ בְּגָדִים שֶׁל שַׁבָּת. “תֵּן לְחָכָם וְיֶחְכַּם עוֹד״ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: זוֹ רוּת הַמּוֹאֲבִיָּה וּשְׁמוּאֵל הָרָמָתִי.

The Gemara continues to discuss Shabbat. Naomi advised Ruth: “And you shall bathe, and anoint yourself, and put on your robes, and go down to the threshing floor. Do not make yourself known to the man until he has finished eating and drinking” (Ruth 3:3). Rabbi Elazar said: These robes are Shabbat garments that Naomi told her to wear in honor of the occasion. Apropos the book of Ruth, the Gemara cites additional statements of Rabbi Elazar with regard to Ruth: “Give to the wise one and he will become wiser; let the righteous one know and he will learn more” (Proverbs 9:9). Rabbi Elazar said: This refers to Ruth the Moabite and Samuel of Rama, who received advice and added to it with their wisdom.

רוּת – דְּאִילּוּ נָעֳמִי קָאָמְרָה לָהּ: “וְרָחַצְתְּ וָסַכְתְּ וְשַׂמְתְּ שִׂמְלֹתַיִךְ עָלַיִךְ וְיָרַדְתְּ הַגֹּרֶן,״ וְאִילּוּ בְּדִידָהּ כְּתִיב: “וַתֵּרֶד הַגֹּרֶן״ וְהָדַר: “וַתַּעַשׂ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר צִוַּתָּה חֲמוֹתָהּ.״ שְׁמוּאֵל, דְּאִילּוּ עֵלִי קָאָמַר לֵיהּ: “שְׁכָב וְהָיָה אִם יִקְרָא אֵלֶיךָ וְאָמַרְתָּ דַּבֵּר ה׳ כִּי שׁוֹמֵעַ עַבְדֶּךָ״ וְאִילּוּ בְּדִידֵיהּ כְּתִיב בֵּיהּ: “וַיָּבֹא ה׳ וַיִּתְיַצַּב וַיִּקְרָא כְּפַעַם בְּפַעַם שְׁמוּאֵל שְׁמוּאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר שְׁמוּאֵל דַּבֵּר כִּי שֹׁמֵעַ עַבְדֶּךָ״ וְלֹא אָמַר “דַּבֵּר ה׳.״

The Gemara elaborates. Whereas Naomi said to Ruth: “And you shall bathe, and anoint yourself, and put on your robes, and go down to the threshing floor,” but with regard to Ruth herself it is written, “And she went down to the threshing floor” (Ruth 3:6), and only afterward does it say, “And she did according to all that her mother-in-law commanded her.” Ruth decided to anoint herself at the threshing floor and not on the road so that people would not meet her on the way there and suspect her of immorality. Whereas Eli said to Samuel: “Go and lie down and if He calls you, you say: Speak, Lord, for Your servant is listening” (I Samuel 3:9), but with regard to Samuel himself it is written: “And the Lord came and stood, and He called like He did the other times: Samuel, Samuel. And Samuel said: Speak, for Your servant is listening” (I Samuel 3:10), and he did not say: Speak, Lord, since he would not assume it was God speaking to him until he was sure of it.

“וַתֵּלֶךְ וַתָּבֹא וַתְּלַקֵּט בַּשָּׂדֶה.״ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: שֶׁהָלְכָה וּבָאת, הָלְכָה וּבָאת, עַד שֶׁמָּצְאָה בְּנֵי אָדָם הַמְּהוּגָּנִין לֵילֵךְ עִמָּהֶם. “וַיֹּאמֶר בּוֹעַז לְנַעֲרוֹ הַנִּצָּב עַל הַקּוֹצְרִים לְמִי הַנַּעֲרָה הַזֹּאת,״ וְכִי דַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל בּוֹעַז לִשְׁאוֹל בְּנַעֲרָה? אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: דְּבַר חָכְמָה רָאָה בָּהּ, שְׁנֵי שִׁבֳּלִין – לָקְטָה, שְׁלֹשָׁה שִׁבֳּלִין – אֵינָהּ לָקְטָה.

And the verse in Ruth states: “And she went, and she came, and she collected in the field after the harvesters” (Ruth 2:3). Rabbi Elazar said: This verse teaches that she went and came, went and came, until she found suitable people with whom to walk. It also says: “And Boaz said to his youth who was standing over the harvesters: To whom does this young woman belong?” (Ruth 2:5). This is surprising: And was it Boaz’s habit to inquire about a young woman? Rabbi Elazar said: He saw in her a matter of wisdom and Torah, and that is why he asked about her. What he saw was that she collected two stalks, but she did not collect three stalks. She thereby acted in accordance with the halakha that three stalks lying together are not considered to be gleanings left for the poor; rather, they remain in the possession of the owner of the field.

בְּמַתְנִיתָא תָּנָא: דְּבַר צְנִיעוּת רָאָה בָּהּ, עוֹמְדוֹת – מְעוּמָּד, נוֹפְלוֹת – מְיוּשָּׁב. “וְכֹה תִּדְבָּקִין עִם נַעֲרוֹתָי״ וְכִי דַּרְכּוֹ שֶׁל בּוֹעַז לִדַּבֵּק עִם הַנָּשִׁים? אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: כֵּיוָן דַּחֲזָא “וַתִּשַּׁק עָרְפָּה לַחֲמוֹתָהּ וְרוּת דָּבְקָה בָּהּ״ אֲמַר: שָׁרֵי לְאִידְּבּוּקֵי בָּהּ.

It was taught in a baraita : He saw a matter of modesty in her when she was collecting stalks. She picked stalks that were upright while she was standing, and stalks that had fallen she picked while sitting; due to her modesty she did not bend over to take them. It also says: “And Boaz said to Ruth: Do you hear, my daughter? Do not go to glean in another field and do not leave from here, but cling to my maidens” (Ruth 2:8). This is also surprising. And was it Boaz’s habit to cling to women? Rabbi Elazar said: Since he saw “And Orpah kissed her mother-in-law and Ruth clung to her” (Ruth 1:14), he said: It is permitted to cling to a woman like this.

“וַיֹּאמֶר לָהּ בֹּעַז לְעֵת הָאֹכֶל גְּשִׁי הֲלֹם,״ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: רֶמֶז רָמַז לָהּ; עֲתִידָה מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד לָצֵאת מִמֵּךְ, דִּכְתִיב בֵּיהּ ‘הֲלֹם׳, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: “וַיָּבֹא הַמֶּלֶךְ דָּוִד וַיֵּשֶׁב לִפְנֵי ה׳ וַיֹּאמֶר מִי אָנֹכִי אֲדֹנָי ה׳ וּמִי בֵּיתִי כִּי הֲבִאֹתַנִי עַד הֲלֹם.״ “וְטָבַלְתְּ פִּתֵּךְ בַּחֹמֶץ,״ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מִכָּאן שֶׁהַחוֹמֶץ יָפֶה לַשָּׁרָב.

It also says: “And Boaz said to her at mealtime: Come here [ halom ] and eat from the bread and dip your bread in vinegar. And she sat beside the harvesters and he gave her roasted grain and she ate, and she was satiated, and she left some over” (Ruth 2:14). Rabbi Elazar interpreted this and said that he hinted to her prophetically: In the future the kingdom of David will come from you, as it is written with regard to it, i.e., the kingdom of David: “Here,” as it is stated: “And King David came and sat before God and said: Who am I, Lord, God, and who is my family that You have brought me to here [ halom ]?” (II Samuel 7:18). With regard to his saying: “And dip your bread in vinegar” (Ruth 2:14), Rabbi Elazar said: From here we see that vinegar is good to have in hot weather.

רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחֲמָנִי אָמַר: רֶמֶז רָמַז לָהּ; עָתִיד בֵּן לָצֵאת מִמֵּךְ שֶׁמַּעֲשָׂיו קָשִׁין כַּחֹמֶץ, וּמַנּוּ – מְנַשֶּׁה. “וַתֵּשֵׁב מִצַּד הַקּוֹצְרִים״ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: מִצַּד הַקּוֹצְרִים, וְלֹא בְּתוֹךְ הַקּוֹצְרִים. רֶמֶז רָמַז לָהּ שֶׁעֲתִידָה מַלְכוּת בֵּית דָּוִד שֶׁתִּתְחַלֵּק.

Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said that he hinted to her: A son will come from you in the future whose actions will be as sharp as vinegar, and who is he? King Manasseh. “And she sat beside the harvesters.” Rabbi Elazar said with regard to this: Beside the harvesters, and not among the harvesters. He hinted to her that the kingdom of David will be divided in the future and her children will not always be in the center of Israel.

“וַיִּצְבָּט לָהּ קָלִי וַתֹּאכַל״ אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר: ‘וַתֹּאכַל׳ – בִּימֵי דָּוִד, ‘וַתִּשְׂבַּע׳ – בִּימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה, ‘וַתֹּתַר׳ – בִּימֵי חִזְקִיָּה. וְאִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי: ‘וַתֹּאכַל׳ – בִּימֵי דָּוִד וּבִימֵי שְׁלֹמֹה, ‘וַתִּשְׂבַּע׳ – בִּימֵי חִזְקִיָּה, ‘וַתֹּתַר׳ – בִּימֵי רַבִּי. דְּאָמַר מָר: אַהוּרִיָרֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי הֲוָה עַתִּיר מִשְּׁבוֹר מַלְכָּא. בְּמַתְנִיתָא תְּנָא: ‘וַתֹּאכַל׳ – בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה, “וַתִּשְׂבַּע״ – לִימוֹת הַמָּשִׁיחַ, ‘וַתֹּתַר׳ – לְעָתִיד לָבֹא.

It also says in the verse: “And he gave her roasted grain and she ate, and she was satiated, and she left some over.” The Gemara explains: “And he gave her roasted grain and she ate”; this is also interpreted as a prophetic message. Rabbi Elazar said: “And she ate” was fulfilled by her children’s children in the days of David; “And she was satiated” was fulfilled in the days of Solomon; “And she left some over” was fulfilled in the days of Hezekiah. And some say that there is a different interpretation: “And she ate,” was fulfilled in the days of David and Solomon; “And she was satiated,” was fulfilled in the days of Hezekiah; “And she left some over” was fulfilled in the days of Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi. As the Master said: Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi’s horsekeeper [ ahuriyarei ] was richer than the king of Persia. It was taught in a baraita : “And she ate,” in this world; “and she was satiated,” in the days of the Messiah; “and she left some over,” in the future, at the end of days.

“וְתַחַת כְּבוֹדוֹ יֵקַד יְקוֹד כִּיקוֹד אֵשׁ.״ אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: ‘וְתַחַת כְּבוֹדוֹ׳ – וְלֹא כְּבוֹדוֹ מַמָּשׁ. רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לְטַעְמֵיהּ; דְּרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן קָרֵי לְמָאנֵיהּ “מְכַבְּדוֹתַי.״

It was mentioned earlier that Rabbi Yoḥanan called his clothing his honor. The Gemara cites the interpretation of the verse that speaks about the downfall of the king of Assyria: “Therefore, the Lord, the Lord of hosts, will send leanness to his fat ones and under his honor He will burn a burning like a burning fire” (Isaiah 10:16). Rabbi Yoḥanan said: “And under his honor,” but not his actual honor. The Gemara explains: Rabbi Yoḥanan follows his own reasoning, for he called his clothing my honor, which means that the bodies of the king of Assyria’s soldiers were burned. However, their garments were miraculously not burned.

רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר אוֹמֵר: ‘וְתַחַת כְּבוֹדוֹ׳ – תַּחַת כְּבוֹדוֹ מַמָּשׁ. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחֲמָנִי אָמַר: תַּחַת כְּבוֹדוֹ – כִּשְׂרֵיפַת בְּנֵי אַהֲרֹן; מַה לְּהַלָּן – שְׂרֵיפַת נְשָׁמָה וְגוּף קַיָּים, אַף כָּאן – שְׂרֵיפַת נְשָׁמָה וְגוּף קַיָּים.

Rabbi Elazar said: “And under his honor” means in place of his actual honor. That is to say, their bodies were burned. Since, in Rabbi Elazar’s opinion, the word under means in the place of, the verse accordingly means that in the place of his honor, i.e., the body, there remain ashes. Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani said: Under his honor means beneath his flesh, similar to the burning of the sons of Aaron. Just as there, i.e., the burning of Aaron’s sons, the soul burned while the body remained intact, so too here, i.e., the burning of Assyrian soldiers, the soul burned while the body remained intact.

אָמַר רַבִּי אַחָא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן:

Rabbi Aḥa bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: