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Shabbat

Daf 111a

אָסוּר לְהַדּוֹקֵיהּ בְּיוֹמָא טָבָא! בְּהַהִיא אֲפִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מוֹדֶה, דְּאַבַּיֵי וְרָבָא דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַויְיהוּ: מוֹדֶה רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בִּפְסִיק רֵישֵׁיהּ וְלֹא יָמוּת.

it is prohibited to insert it tightly on a Festival due to the prohibited labor of wringing. Doesn’t Rabbi Shimon permit performing an unintentional act from which a prohibited labor may ensue? The Gemara answers: In that case, even Rabbi Shimon concedes that it is prohibited, as it was Abaye and Rava who both said: Rabbi Shimon concedes in instances categorized as: Cut off its head and it shall not die. This category refers to situations where the ensuing prohibited labor is inevitable. In those kinds of cases, one is liable even according to Rabbi Shimon. Since stuffing a cloth into a barrel will inevitably lead to wringing wine from it, Rabbi Shimon concedes that doing so is forbidden.

RASHI

אסור להדוקיה בנקב משום סחיטה ואע"ג דלא קא מכוין לסחוט אלמא לא ס"ל כר"ש בדבר שאין מתכוין:

TOSAFOT

מודה ר"ש בפסיק רישיה והא דאמר גבי לא ליהדוק אינש אודרא אפומא דשישא דילמא אתי לידי סחיטה ולא הוי פסיק רישיה יש לחלק דהתם מיירי בכיסוי שאינו בולע כ"כ וגם אינו סותמו כל כך בחוזק שאינו חושש רק שיהא מכוסה אבל הכא שהוא בצד הגיגית בולע הרבה וגם מהדקו בחוזק כדי שלא יצא היין והוי פסיק רישיה:

ושלש מחלוקות בדבר אית ספרים דל"ג ליה:

וְהָאָמַר רַב חִיָּיא בַּר אַשִׁי אָמַר רַב: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, וְרַב חָנָן בַּר אַמִי אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. וְרַב חִיָּיא בַּר אָבִין מַתְנֵי לָהּ בְּלָא גַּבְרֵי, רַב אָמַר: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי יְהוּדָה, וּשְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן! אֶלָּא אָמַר רָבָא: אֲנִי וַאֲרִי שֶׁבַּחֲבוּרָה תַּרְגִּימְנָא, וּמַנּוּ – רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אָבִין, הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן – וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ.

The Gemara asks again: Didn’t Rav Ḥiyya bar Ashi say that Rav said explicitly: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and Rav Ḥanan bar Ami said that Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. And Rav Ḥiyya bar Avin taught the same tradition without mentioning the names of the men who cited the statements, but cited it directly: Rav said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Yehuda, and Shmuel said: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon. Rather, Rava said: I and the lion of the group explained this. And the Gemara asks: And who is the lion of the group? It is Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Avin. He and Rava explained: The halakha is indeed in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, but not for his reason.

RASHI

הלכה כר' יהודה בדבר שאין מתכוין דאסור:

בלי גברי מתני לה לפלוגתא דרב ושמואל בלא אמוראים האומרים משמם אלא הם עצמם נחלקו בה:

תרגימנא דלא תיקשי דרב אדרב:

הלכה כר"ש דשרי בשמן וורד:

מַאי “הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ״? אִילֵימָא הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן – דְּשָׁרֵי, וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ – דְּאִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן סָבַר: מַסֵּי, וְרַב סָבַר: לָא מַסֵּי. וְסָבַר רַב לָא מַסֵּי?! וְהָא מִדְּקָתָנֵי: בְּנֵי מְלָכִים סָכִין עַל גַּבֵּי מַכּוֹתֵיהֶן שֶׁמֶן וֶורֶד – מִכְּלָל דְּמַסֵּי! אֶלָּא: הֲלָכָה כְּרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן – דְּשָׁרֵי, וְלָאו מִטַּעְמֵיהּ; דְּאִילּוּ רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן סָבַר: אַף עַל גַּב דְּלָא שְׁכִיחַ – שָׁרֵי, וְרַב סָבַר; אִי שְׁכִיחַ – אִין, וְאִי לָא שְׁכִיחַ – לָא, וּבְאַתְרָא דְּרַב שְׁכִיחַ מִשְׁחָא דְּוַורְדָּא. הדרן עלך שמנה שרצים

The Gemara explains: What exactly is the meaning of the statement: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, but not for his reason? If we say the halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who permits smearing rose oil, but not for his reason, because Rabbi Shimon holds that rose oil heals, and Rav holds that it does not heal, which is why he permits smearing it on Shabbat, then does Rav hold that rose oil does not heal? From the fact that it is taught: Princes smear rose [ vered ] oil on their wounds; by inference, it heals. Rather, it means: The halakha is in accordance with the opinion of Rabbi Shimon, who permits rose oil, but not for his reason. As Rabbi Shimon holds that although rose oil is uncommon and expensive, and anyone who sees one smearing it realizes that it is for medicinal purposes, nevertheless, it is permitted. And Rav holds that if rose oil is common in a given place, yes, one may smear it on himself; however, if it is not common there, it is not permitted. And in Rav’s place, roses were common, and that is why he permitted smearing with rose oil on Shabbat. However, in a place where rose oil is uncommon, he concedes to the Rabbis, who prohibited doing so.

RASHI

אבל לא מטעמיה דאין הטעם כדבריו:

דאילו ר"ש סבר מסי ואפ"ה שרי דאין לך דמותר לזה ואסור לזה:

מכלל דמסי אפי' לת"ק דאי לאו דמסי למאי איצטריך ליה:

אע"ג דלא שכיח שמן וורד במקומו של זה הסך ממנו ודמיו יקרים והכל יודעין שאינו סכו אלא לרפואה שרי דכל ישראל בני מלכים הם ור' יהודה אוסר דמוכחא מילתא ורב נמי כר"י ס"ל אלא במקומו הוא דשרי דשכיח דסכין שמן וורד ולא מוכחא מילתא:

SUMMARY

In this chapter, it was concluded that one who kills a living creature of any kind is liable for taking a life on Shabbat. However, with regard to creeping animals, it was determined that one is liable for wounding on Shabbat only those eight creeping animals that are enumerated in the Bible with reference to the laws of impurity. One is not liable for wounding other creeping animals because there is no evidence that their skin is considered halakhic skin. Therefore, one who inflicts a wound upon them is liable only when blood actually flows from the body of the creature; internal bleeding is not considered a bruise from a legal perspective. This chapter’s discussion of healing on Shabbat provided minutely detailed descriptions of all sorts of medicines, especially those that have medicinal value but are typically eaten or drunk by healthy individuals. The rule was explained as follows: Any substance which is normally ingested for non-medicinal purposes can be consumed by a sick person for curative purposes. However, medical procedures a healthy person would not normally perform are prohibited on Shabbat because it is apparent to all that the procedure is medical. In that case, a sick person may only perform the procedure in an unusual and distinctive manner, not in the manner in which it is customarily practiced as a medicine. Of course, in any life-threatening situation, it is permitted to perform even primary categories of prohibited labor.

INTRO

This chapter contains two distinct topics. The first topic is the primary labors of tying and untying knots. The Gemara specifies, explains, and identifies these labors. Tying and untying, as is the case with regard to the labors of building and destroying, constitute a pair of labors for which one is liable for one labor only under the same conditions for which he liable for the other, e.g., one is liable for either tying or untying only if the knot is a permanent one. To understand these labors, it is first necessary to clarify what constitutes a knot. What are the types of knots that the Torah prohibited one to tie or untie on Shabbat? Several traditions were received by the Sages on this matter. They too require analysis and additional clarification. There is a fundamental principle that one is liable for tying or untying only a permanent knot, i.e., a knot designed to endure. This requirement precludes knots made to be immediately undone as well as knots meant to be undone in the near future. The definition of permanence as it pertains to a knot requires further clarification. Does permanence relate to the function of the knot, the method by which the knot was tied, or both? If permanence relates only to the method of tying, it is only necessary to ascertain if a knot was tied in such a manner that it can endure for a long period of time. If so, the person who tied the knot is liable for his action, even if he intended for the knot to be temporary and planned to immediately untie it. During this discussion, many sets of circumstances are described, including various types of knots and various uses of materials. Consideration is given to both knots tied in a common, simple manner and knots tied with utensils or parts of vessels, such as the knots of shoes, sandals, and the like. The central theme of this chapter is the qualifications of a knot for the purposes of both Torah law and rabbinic decree. The second topic included in this chapter, which appears only incidentally and to which a small portion of the chapter is dedicated, is the prohibition to prepare on Shabbat for the rest of the week. There are activities whose performance involves no Torah prohibition whatsoever, or at the most involves a minor risk of violating a rabbinic prohibition; however, the Sages prohibited them in cases in which their performance on Shabbat constitutes preparation for the weekdays. It is considered irreverent to prepare for the weekdays on the supremely holy day of Shabbat. This broad general principle requires elaboration: Which activities are permitted within this framework, and which preparatory activities remain prohibited? This issue is elucidated in detail in this chapter.

מתני׳ וְאֵלּוּ קְשָׁרִים שֶׁחַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן: קֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין, וְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁהוּא חַיָּיב עַל קִישּׁוּרָן – כָּךְ הוּא חַיָּיב עַל הֶיתֵּרָן. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר: כָּל קֶשֶׁר שֶׁהוּא יָכוֹל לְהַתִּירוֹ בְּאַחַת מִיָּדָיו אֵין חַיָּיבִין עָלָיו.

And these are knots for which one is liable to bring a sin-offering if one tied them on Shabbat: A camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot, both of which are meant to be permanent. And just as one is liable to bring a sin-offering for tying these knots, so too, he is liable to bring a sin-offering for untying them. Rabbi Meir says a principle: For tying any knot that one can untie with one of his hands, one is not liable to bring a sin-offering, because a loose knot of that sort is not considered permanent even if that was his intention.

גמ׳ מַאי קֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין? אִילֵימָא קִטְרָא דְּקָטְרִי בִּזְמָמָא, וְקִטְרָא דְּקָטְרִי בְּאִיסְטְרִידָא – הַאי קֶשֶׁר שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁל קַיָּימָא הוּא! אֶלָּא: קִיטְרָא דִּזְמָמָא גּוּפֵיהּ, וּדְאִיסְטְרִידָא גּוּפָהּ.

The Gemara asks: What are a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot? If you say that these are a knot that one uses to tie a strap to the camel’s nose ring in order to pull it and a knot that one uses to tie a rope to the ring [ isterida ] fixed to the bow of a ship when the ship is docked, then these knots are not meant to be permanent, as they are periodically untied. Rather, a camel driver’s knot is the knot that fixes the nose ring itself in the camel’s nose, and the sailor’s knot is the knot that fixes the ring itself to the ship. These knots are never untied and are permanent.

RASHI

מתני' ואלו קשרים המנוין באבות מלאכות דקתני הקושר והמתיר קשר של קיימא שאינו מתירו לעולם דומיא דקושרי חוטי יריעות הנפסקות:

קשר הגמלין וקשר הספנין בגמרא מפרש להו:

כך הוא חייב על היתרן כדילפי' בכלל גדול (לעיל שבת דף עד:) מציידי החלזון שנצרכין לפרקים להתיר קשרי רשתות הקיימות כדי לקצרן או להרחיבן:

שיכול להתירו דלא הדקיה:

אין חייבין עליו ואפי' עשאו לקיימא:

TOSAFOT

מתני' ואלו קשרים עניבה לר"מ מהו - וא"ת אמאי לא פשיטא מדתנן לקמן חבל דלי שנפסק לא יהא קושרו אלא עונבו ומוכח' בפ"ק דפסחים (ד' יא.) דהנהו רבנן היינו ר"מ דפריך התם מינה לרבנן שהם ר"מ וי"ל דהתם נמי פריך מספק אם הנהו רבנן הם ר"מ כמו שמסתפק כאן:

“רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר כָּל קֶשֶׁר כו׳.״ בָּעֵי רַב אַחַדְבוֹי אֲחוּי דְּמָר אַחָא: עֲנִיבָה לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר, מַהוּ? טַעְמֵיהּ דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר – מִשּׁוּם דְּיָכוֹל לְהַתִּירוֹ בְּאַחַת מִיָּדָיו הוּא. וְהָא נַמִי – יָכוֹל לְהַתִּירוֹ; אוֹ דִּילְמָא: טַעְמָא דְּרַבִּי מֵאִיר – מִשּׁוּם דְּלָא מִיהֲדַק, וְהָא מִיהֲדַק? תֵּיקוּ.

We learned in the mishna that Rabbi Meir says a principle: For tying any knot that one can untie with one of his hands, one is not liable for tying it. Rav Aḥadvoy, brother of Mar Aḥa, raised a dilemma: With regard to tying a bow, what is the ruling according to Rabbi Meir? Is it permitted to tie it tightly on Shabbat or not? The dilemma is: Is the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Meir merely that because one can untie the knot with one of his hands it is not considered a permanent knot, and this bow too, he can untie it with one of his hands and therefore he would not be liable for tying on Shabbat? Or perhaps the reason for the opinion of Rabbi Meir is because typically a knot that can be untied with one hand is not particularly tight, and this bow is tight and therefore it is prohibited to tie it on Shabbat. This dilemma is not resolved, and the Gemara concludes: Let it stand unresolved.

RASHI

גמ' זממא מנקבין לנאקה בחוטמ' ונותנין בה טבעת של רצועה וקושרין אותה ועומדת שם לעולם וכשרוצה לקושרה לבהמה קושר רצועה ארוכה באותה טבעת וקושרין בה ופעמים שמתירה:

קטרא דקטרי בזממא זהו קשר הרצועות שקושרין בטבעת:

איסטרידא גם הוא כמין טבעת שעושין מן עקל או מן רצועה בנקב שבראש הספינה ואותו קשר מתקיים וכשרוצה להעמידו קושר רצועה באותה טבעת ומעמידה בה וכשרוצה להתיר מתיר הרצועה ונוטלה:

קטרא דקטרי באסטרידא קשר רצועה הארוכה:

מתני׳ יֵשׁ לְךָ קְשָׁרִין שֶׁאֵין חַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כְּקֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וּכְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין. קוֹשֶׁרֶת אִשָּׁה מִפְתַּח חֲלוּקָהּ, וְחוּטֵי סְבָכָה, וְשֶׁל פְּסַקְיָא, וּרְצוּעוֹת מִנְעָל וְסַנְדָּל, וְנוֹדוֹת יַיִן וְשֶׁמֶן, וּקְדֵירָה שֶׁל בָּשָׂר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בֶּן יַעֲקֹב: אוֹמֵר קוֹשְׁרִין לִפְנֵי הַבְּהֵמָה בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁלֹּא תֵּצֵא.

You have knots for which one is not liable to bring a sin-offering as one is liable for tying a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot; however, it is nevertheless prohibited to tie them. A woman may tie closed the opening of her robe with straps, as well as the strings of her hairnet and the laces of her girdle, i.e., a wide belt tied with laces. One may also tie the straps of a shoe or a sandal, as well as the spouts of wine or oil jugs. One may also tie a garment over a pot of meat. Rabbi Eliezer ben Ya’akov says: One may tie a rope across an entrance before an animal so that it will not go out.

RASHI

עניבה ומהדקה שפיר לר"מ מהו:

גמ׳ הָא גּוּפָא קַשְׁיָא; אָמְרַתְּ “יֵשׁ קְשָׁרִין שֶׁאֵין חַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כְּקֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וּכְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין״ חִיּוּבָא הוּא דְּלֵיכָּא, הָא אִיסּוּרָא – אִיכָּא. וְהָדַר תָּנֵי: קוֹשֶׁרֶת אִשָּׁה מִפְתַּח חֲלוּקָהּ – אֲפִילּוּ לְכַתְּחִילָּה! הָכִי קָאָמַר: יֵשׁ קְשָׁרִין שֶׁאֵין חַיָּיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן כְּקֶשֶׁר הַגַּמָּלִין וּכְקֶשֶׁר הַסַּפָּנִין, וּמַאי נִיהוּ –

The Gemara asks: This matter itself is difficult, as there is an internal contradiction in the mishna. On the one hand, you said that there are knots for which one is not liable to bring a sin-offering as he is for tying a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot, which would seem to indicate that although there is no Torah liability, there is a rabbinic prohibition. And then it was taught that a woman may tie the opening of her robe, indicating that doing so is permitted even ab initio . The Gemara answers that this is what the mishna is saying: There are knots for which one is not liable to bring a sin-offering for tying them on Shabbat as he is for tying a camel driver’s knot and a sailor’s knot. And which are these?

RASHI

מתני' יש לך קשרין שאין חייבין עליהן חטאת כמו שחייבין על קשר הגמלין אלא פטור אבל אסור ובגמרא מפרש הי נינהו:

מפתח חלוקה כמו שיש לגלחים כעין לשונות לכאן ולכאן וקושרים של ימין בכתף שמאל ושל שמאל בכתף ימין דכיון דכל יומא שרו ליה לא דמי מידי לקשר של קיימא ומותר לכתחילה:

סבכה קוייפ"א:

ושל פסקיא אזור רחב וחוטין תלויין בראשו לקושרו בהן וקורין פינדור"ס:

ונודות יין של עור שכופפין פיהם וקושרין:

וקדרה של בשר פעמים שקושרין בגד לפיה:

קושרין בפני הבהמה חבל ברוחב הפתח: