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Rosh Hashanah

Daf 35b

אֶלָּא: כִּי אֲתָא רָבִין אֲמַר רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אִידִי אֲמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן חֲסִידָא: לֹא פָּטַר רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אֶלָּא עַם שֶׁבַּשָּׂדוֹת. מַאי טַעְמָא? מִשּׁוּם דַאֲנִיסִי בִּמְלָאכָה, אֲבָל בָּעִיר – לָא. הדרן עלך יום טוב וסליקא לה מסכת ראש השנה

Rather, Rabban Gamliel’s statement should be understood differently: When Ravin came from Eretz Yisrael to Babylonia, he reported that Rabbi Ya’akov bar Idi said that Rabbi Shimon bar Ḥasida said: Rabban Gamliel allowed the prayer leader to exempt only the people in the fields. What is the reason for this? Because the people in the fields are unable to come to the synagogue due to work circumstances beyond their control, and do not have time to prepare their prayers. However, Rabban Gamliel did not exempt those in the city who do not come to the synagogue, as they are able to prepare their prayers and pray by themselves.

RASHI

אבל דעיר לא משום דלא אניסי ויכולין להסדיר תפלתן:

SUMMARY

The mitzva of sounding the shofar applies every Rosh HaShana, even when it occurs on Shabbat. However, on Shabbat the shofar is sounded only in the central location of the Temple. The Sages prohibited sounding the shofar outside the Temple, due to the concern that one might carry it in the public domain. After the destruction of the Temple, it was permitted to sound the shofar only in the place of the main court, and even this permission was annulled over the course of time. Incidental to the above, this chapter discussed other ordinances that were instituted in the wake of the destruction. The upheavals suffered by the Jewish people in this period necessitated changes in various areas of halakha, some of which led to stringencies, while others involved leniencies. Certain activities that were permitted only due to the sacred service were subsequently prohibited, while other matters were left intact, both in commemoration of the Temple and in the hope that it would be speedily rebuilt. With regard to the shofar, it was concluded that it does not have to be sounded at a fixed time of day. However, the Sages established an order of prayers and blessings, according to which the shofar soundings are integrated into the additional service of Rosh HaShana, performed both before and during the Amida. Furthermore, the soundings must proceed in a specific set of tekia-terua-tekia blasts. Since even in early times there were different opinions and customs with regard to the precise definition of these blasts, the number and types of soundings increased over the course of the generations so as to enable the listeners to fulfill their obligation according to all opinions.