וּלְחִזְקִיָּה, לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא אִיתְקַשׁ דָּם לְמַיִם? לְכִדְרַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא. דְּאָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מִנַּיִן לְדַם קָדָשִׁים שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַכְשִׁיר, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״לֹא תֹּאכְלֶנּוּ עַל הָאָרֶץ תִּשְׁפְּכֶנּוּ כַּמָּיִם״, דָּם שֶׁנִּשְׁפַּךְ כַּמַּיִם – מַכְשִׁיר, שֶׁאֵינוֹ נִשְׁפַּךְ כַּמַּיִם – אֵינוֹ מַכְשִׁיר.

The Gemara asks: According to Ḥizkiya, who says that: You shall not eat, indicates only that eating is prohibited but that benefit is permitted, for what halakha is blood juxtaposed to water? According to his opinion, there is no need for the verse to teach that one may benefit from blood. The Gemara answers that he needs this verse to derive that which was taught by Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba, as Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: From where is it derived that the blood of sacrifices does not render food susceptible to ritual impurity? As it is stated: “You shall not eat it; you shall pour it out upon the earth like water” (Deuteronomy 12:24). Blood that is poured out like water, such as that of a slaughtered, non-sacrificial animal, renders food susceptible to ritual impurity. However, sacrificial blood, which is not poured out like water and is instead sprinkled on the altar, does not render food susceptible to ritual impurity.

וַהֲרֵי אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי, דִּכְתִיב: ״לֹא תֹאכַל הַנֶּפֶשׁ עִם הַבָּשָׂר״, וְתַנְיָא, רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר: מִנַּיִן שֶׁלֹּא יוֹשִׁיט אָדָם כּוֹס יַיִן לַנָּזִיר, וְאֵבֶר מִן הַחַי לִבְנֵי נֹחַ – תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וְלִפְנֵי עִוֵּר לֹא תִתֵּן מִכְשֹׁל״. הָא לַכְּלָבִים – שָׁרֵי!

The Gemara further challenges Rabbi Abbahu’s opinion: And yet there is the prohibition against eating a limb cut from a living animal, as it is written: “Only be steadfast in not eating the blood; for the blood is the life; and you shall not eat the life with the flesh” (Deuteronomy 12:23). And it was taught in a baraita that Rabbi Natan says: From where is it derived that a person may not offer a cup of wine to a nazirite, who is prohibited from drinking wine, and that he may not offer a limb cut from a living animal to a descendant of Noah, who is prohibited by Noahide law from eating a limb from a living animal? The verse states: “You shall not put a stumbling block before the blind” (Leviticus 19:14). However, it is permitted for one to throw it to dogs. Therefore, despite the fact that the verse says: “You shall not eat it,” apparently there is no prohibition against benefiting from this prohibited item. This challenges Rabbi Abbahu’s principle.

שָׁאנֵי אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי, דְּאִיתְקַשׁ לְדָם. דִּכְתִיב: ״רַק חֲזַק לְבִלְתִּי אֲכֹל הַדָּם כִּי הַדָּם הוּא הַנָּפֶשׁ״.

The Gemara answers: A limb from a living animal is different, as it is juxtaposed in the Torah to blood. As it is written: “Only be steadfast in not eating the blood; for the blood is the life; and you shall not eat the life with the flesh” (Deuteronomy 12:23). Just as it is permitted to benefit from blood, it is likewise permitted to benefit from a limb torn from a living animal.

וּלְחִזְקִיָּה, לְמַאי הִלְכְתָא אִיתְקַשׁ אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי לְדָם? אָמַר לְךָ: דָּם הוּא דְּאִיתְקַשׁ לְאֵבֶר מִן הַחַי, מָה אֵבֶר מִן הַחַי – אָסוּר, אַף דָּם מִן הַחַי אָסוּר. וְאֵי זֶה – זֶה דַּם הַקָּזָה, שֶׁהַנֶּפֶשׁ יוֹצְאָה בּוֹ.

The Gemara asks: And according to Ḥizkiya, in order to teach what halakha is the prohibition against eating a limb from a living animal juxtaposed to the prohibition against eating blood? The Gemara answers: He could have said to you that the juxtaposition comes to teach the opposite. It is blood that is juxtaposed to a limb from a living animal to teach the following: Just as a limb from a living animal is prohibited, so too, blood of a living being is prohibited. And to which blood is this referring? This is referring to blood spilled in the process of bloodletting, through which the soul departs. That is considered to be blood from a living being, and even the descendants of Noah are prohibited from eating it (Rabbeinu Ḥananel).

וַהֲרֵי שׁוֹר הַנִּסְקָל, דְּרַחֲמָנָא אָמַר: ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ״. וְתַנְיָא: מִמַּשְׁמַע שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר ״סָקוֹל יִסָּקֵל הַשּׁוֹר״ אֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁהִיא נְבֵלָה, וּנְבֵלָה אֲסוּרָה בַּאֲכִילָה? וּמַה תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ מַגִּיד לְךָ הַכָּתוּב, שֶׁאִם שְׁחָטוֹ לְאַחַר שֶׁנִּגְמַר (אֶת) דִּינוֹ – אָסוּר.

The Gemara asks: And yet there is the prohibition against eating the meat from an ox that is stoned, as the Merciful One says: “And if an ox gores a man or a woman to death, the ox shall be surely stoned, and of its flesh shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox shall be clear” (Exodus 21:28). And it was taught in a baraita : By inference from that which is stated: “The ox shall surely be stoned,” in which case it is not to be slaughtered properly, don’t I know that it is an animal carcass, and it is prohibited to eat an animal carcass? What does it mean when the verse states: “Its flesh shall not be eaten”? The verse is telling you that even if one slaughtered the ox after its verdict had been reached but before it had been carried out, it is still prohibited.

אֵין לִי אֶלָּא בַּאֲכִילָה, בַּהֲנָאָה מִנַּיִן? תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר ״וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי״. מַאי מַשְׁמַע? שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן זוֹמָא אוֹמֵר: כְּאָדָם שֶׁאוֹמֵר לַחֲבֵירוֹ ״יָצָא פְּלוֹנִי נָקִי מִנְּכָסָיו וְאֵין לוֹ בָּהֶם הֲנָאָה שֶׁל כְּלוּם״.

The baraita continues: I have derived only that one is prohibited from eating this ox; from where do I derive that one is prohibited from deriving benefit from it as well? The verse states: “But the owner of the ox shall be clear [ naki ].” The Gemara asks: From where may it be inferred that one may not benefit from this ox? Shimon ben Zoma says: This is like a person who says to his fellow: So-and-so was left clear [ naki ] of his property, and he has no benefit from it at all. Similarly, “But the owner of the ox shall be clear” means that he has no benefit from the ox.

טַעְמָא – דְּכָתַב ״וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי״. דְּאִי מִ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ – אִיסּוּר אֲכִילָה מַשְׁמַע, אִיסּוּר הֲנָאָה – לֹא מַשְׁמַע!

The Gemara infers from the verse that the reason that it is prohibited to derive benefit from the ox is that the Torah specifically wrote: “But the owner of the ox shall be clear.” As, if this prohibition were derived from: “It shall not be eaten,” apparently the prohibition of eating would be implied, but the prohibition of deriving benefit would not be implied. This presents a challenge even for Ḥizkiya, who agrees that the passive formulation: “It shall not be eaten,” indicates that in addition one may not benefit from the item.

לְעוֹלָם ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ – אִיסּוּר אֲכִילָה וְאִיסּוּר הֲנָאָה מַשְׁמַע. ״וּבַעַל הַשּׁוֹר נָקִי״ – לַהֲנָאַת עוֹרוֹ הוּא דַּאֲתָא. וְאִיצְטְרִיךְ, סָלְקָא דַּעֲתָךְ אָמִינָא: ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ״ כְּתִיב, בְּשָׂרוֹ – אִין, עוֹרוֹ – לָא, קָא מַשְׁמַע לָן.

The Gemara answers: Actually, the phrase: “It shall not be eaten” indicates both a prohibition of eating and a prohibition of deriving benefit. And the phrase: “But the owner of the ox shall be clear,” comes to prohibit deriving benefit from the hide of the ox that has been stoned. And it is necessary to mention this explicitly, as it could enter your mind to say that since it is written: “Its flesh shall not be eaten,” with regard to its flesh, yes, it is prohibited, but with regard to its hide, no, it is not. Therefore, the verse teaches us that it is prohibited to benefit from its hide as well.

וּלְהָנָךְ תַּנָּאֵי דְּמַפְּקִי לֵיהּ לְהַאי קְרָא לִדְרָשָׁה אַחֲרִינָא, לַחֲצִי כּוֹפֶר וְלִדְמֵי וְולָדוֹת, הֲנָאַת עוֹרוֹ מְנָא לְהוּ? נָפְקָא לְהוּ מֵ״אֶת בְּשָׂרוֹ״ – אֶת הַטָּפֵל לִבְשָׂרוֹ.

The Gemara asks: And according to those tanna’im who expound this verse: “But the owner of the ox shall be clear,” for another interpretation, namely, to teach that the owner of an innocuous ox, i.e., one that is not known to cause damage with the intent to injure, is exempt from the payment of half of the indemnity if that ox killed a person, or that he is exempt from payment for offspring if his ox gores a pregnant woman and causes her to miscarry; from where do they derive this prohibition against benefiting from the ox’s hide? The Gemara answers: They derive this halakha from the wording: “Of [ et ] its flesh.” The verse could have been formulated: And its flesh shall not be eaten. The addition of the word et comes to include that which is secondary to the flesh, i.e., the hide.

וְאִידָךְ: ״אֶת״ לָא דָּרֵישׁ.

The Gemara asks: And the other tanna , who derives the prohibition against benefiting from the hide from the verse: “But the owner of the ox shall be clear,” what does he learn from the additional word et ? The Gemara answers: This Sage does not interpret the word et as a means to derive new halakhot . He considers the word et to be an ordinary part of the sentence structure and not a source for exegetical exposition.

כִּדְתַנְיָא: שִׁמְעוֹן הָעַמַּסּוֹנִי, וְאָמְרִי לָהּ נְחֶמְיָה הָעַמַּסּוֹנִי, הָיָה דּוֹרֵשׁ כָּל אֶתִים שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה. כֵּיוָן שֶׁהִגִּיעַ לְ״אֶת ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּירָא״ – פֵּירֵשׁ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ תַּלְמִידָיו: רַבִּי, כָּל אֶתִים שֶׁדָּרַשְׁתָּ מַה תְּהֵא עֲלֵיהֶן? אָמַר לָהֶם: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁקִּבַּלְתִּי שָׂכָר עַל הַדְּרִישָׁה, כָּךְ אֲנִי מְקַבֵּל שָׂכָר עַל הַפְּרִישָׁה. עַד שֶׁבָּא רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא וְדָרַשׁ: ״אֶת ה׳ אֱלֹהֶיךָ תִּירָא״ – לְרַבּוֹת תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים.

As it was taught in a baraita : Shimon HaAmmassoni, and some say that it was Neḥemya HaAmmassoni, would interpret all occurrences of the word et in the Torah, deriving additional halakhot with regard to the particular subject matter. Once he reached the verse: “You shall be in awe of [ et ] the Lord your God; you shall serve Him; and to Him you shall cleave, and by His name you shall swear” (Deuteronomy 10:20), he withdrew from this method of exposition, as how could one add to God Himself? His students said to him: Rabbi, what will be with all the etim that you interpreted until now? He said to them: Just as I received reward for the interpretation, so I shall receive reward for my withdrawal from using this method of exposition. The word et in this verse was not explained until Rabbi Akiva came and expounded: “You shall be in awe of [ et ] the Lord your God”: The word et comes to include Torah scholars, and one is commanded to fear them just as one fears God. In any case, Shimon HaAmmassoni no longer derived additional halakhot from the word et .

וַהֲרֵי עָרְלָה, דְּרַחֲמָנָא אָמַר: ״עֲרֵלִים לֹא יֵאָכֵל״. וְתַנְיָא: ״עֲרֵלִים לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ – אֵין לִי אֶלָּא אִיסּוּר אֲכִילָה, מִנַּיִן שֶׁלֹּא יֵהָנֶה מִמֶּנּוּ, שֶׁלֹּא יִצְבַּע בּוֹ, וְלֹא יַדְלִיק בּוֹ אֶת הַנֵּר – תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר: ״וַעֲרַלְתֶּם עָרְלָתוֹ. עֲרֵלִים לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ – לְרַבּוֹת אֶת כּוּלָּם.

The Gemara further challenges: And yet there is the prohibition of fruit that grows on a tree during the first three years after it was planted [ orla ], as the Merciful One says: “And when you come into the land, and you shall plant all types of trees for food, then you shall count the fruit thereof as prohibited; three years shall it be prohibited [ arelim ] to you; it shall not be eaten” (Leviticus 19:23). And it was taught in a baraita : “Shall it be prohibited to you; it shall not be eaten”: I have only derived a prohibition to eat it. From where do I derive that one may not even benefit from it, e.g., that he may not paint with the dye that can be extracted from the fruit, nor may he light a lamp with its oil? The verse states: “You shall count the fruit thereof [ orlato ] as prohibited [ araltem ]; three years shall it be prohibited [ arelim ] to you; it shall not be eaten.” This repetition of the term arel comes to include all forms of benefit.

טַעְמָא – דְּכָתַב רַחֲמָנָא ״וַעֲרַלְתֶּם עָרְלָתוֹ עֲרֵלִים״, הָא לָאו הָכִי – הֲוָה אָמִינָא אִיסּוּר אֲכִילָה – מַשְׁמַע, אִיסּוּר הֲנָאָה – לֹא מַשְׁמַע!

The Gemara reads precisely: The reason that all forms of benefit are prohibited is that the Merciful One writes: “You shall count the fruit thereof as prohibited [ araltem ]; three years shall it be prohibited [ arelim ].” The double use of the word arel indicates a two-fold prohibition. However, were that not the case, I would have said: The prohibition of eating is indicated here; however, the prohibition to derive benefit is not indicated. This is a challenge even to Ḥizkiya’s opinion, as the verse says: “It shall not be eaten,” indicating that it is prohibited to derive benefit as well.

לְעוֹלָם ״לֹא יֵאָכֵל״ מַשְׁמַע בֵּין אִיסּוּר אֲכִילָה בֵּין אִיסּוּר הֲנָאָה, וְשָׁאנֵי הָתָם דִּכְתִיב ״לָכֶם״. וְאִצְטְרִיךְ, סָלְקָא דַּעֲתָךְ אָמִינָא: הוֹאִיל וְכָתַב ״לָכֶם״ – שֶׁלָּכֶם יְהֵא, קָמַשְׁמַע לָן.

The Gemara rejects this. Actually, in general, “it shall not be eaten” indicates both a prohibition of eating and a prohibition to derive benefit. However, it is different there, with regard to orla , as it is written: “Three years shall it be prohibited [ arelim ] to you.” And, therefore, it was necessary for the verse to repeat the prohibition using several terms, as it could enter your mind to say that since it wrote “to you” it means that it shall be yours, namely that one is permitted to benefit from it. Therefore, it teaches us that it is prohibited to derive benefit.

וְאֶלָּא הָשְׁתָּא דִּכְתִיבִי הָנָךְ קְרָאֵי, ״לָכֶם״ לָמָּה לִי? לְכִדְתַנְיָא: ״לָכֶם״ – לְרַבּוֹת אֶת הַנָּטוּעַ

The Gemara asks: However, now that these words in the verses are written, indicating the prohibition to derive benefit from orla , why do I need the words “to you,” i.e., what does this phrase teach us here? The Gemara answers: As it was taught in a baraita : That which is stated: “To you,” comes to include that which is planted