חַיָּה בִּכְלָל בְּהֵמָה.

is referring even to undomesticated animals, as an undomesticated animal is included in the general category of animal.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: חַיָּה בִּכְלַל בְּהֵמָה? הָא כְּתִיב ״בָּקָר״ וְ״צֹאן״, וַהֲוָה לֵיהּ פְּרָט וּכְלָל, וְאִי אַתָּה דָּן אֶלָּא כְּעֵין הַפְּרָט.

Rav Yehuda of Diskarta said to Rava: How can you suggest that in this verse an undomesticated animal is included in the general category of animal? It is written: “Herd” and: “Flock,” and this entire phrase is a detail, and a generalization, and a detail, from which you may deduce that the verse is referring only to items similar to the detail, which are herd and flock, not undomesticated animals.

וּמְנָלַן דְּהָכִי הוּא – דְּתַנְיָא:

§ The Gemara asks: And from where do we derive that it is so, that in the methodology of generalizations and details, the generalizations are similar to the details? It is as it is taught in a baraita : The verse states with regard to the mitzva to bring money for the second tithe

״וְנָתַתָּ הַכֶּסֶף בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר תְּאַוֶּה נַפְשְׁךָ״ – כְּלָל; ״בַּבָּקָר וּבַצֹּאן וּבַיַּיִן וּבַשֵּׁכָר״ – פְּרָט; ״וּבְכָל אֲשֶׁר תִּשְׁאָלְךָ נַפְשְׁךָ״ – חָזַר וְכָלַל.

The baraita elaborates: The phrase “And you shall bestow the money on all that your heart desires” is a generalization, as no particular type of food is specified. The phrase “on cattle, on sheep, on wine, and on strong drink” is a detail, as specific foods are mentioned. And when the verse concludes: “On whatever your soul requests,” it then generalized again, as no specific type of food is stated.

כְּלָל וּפְרָט וּכְלָל אִי אַתָּה דָּן אֶלָּא כְּעֵין הַפְּרָט; מָה הַפְּרָט מְפוֹרָשׁ: פְּרִי מִפְּרִי וְגִידּוּלֵי קַרְקַע – אַף כָּל פְּרִי מִפְּרִי וְגִידּוּלֵי קַרְקַע.

Since the verse is formulated as a generalization, and a detail, and a generalization, you may deduce that it is referring only to items similar to the detail. Just as the items mentioned in the detail are clearly defined as the produce of produce, i.e., not only the produce itself but also items that come from it, such as grapes from a seed, and they are also items grown from the ground, as all of these items grow from the ground or receive their main sustenance from it, so too, the generalization includes all items that are the produce of produce and are grown from the ground. This includes birds, but it does not include fish, water, or salt.

מִכְּדִי, כְּלָל וּפְרָט וּכְלָל – כְּעֵין פְּרָטָא דָּיְינִינַן, כְּלָלָא בַּתְרָא מַאי אַהֲנֵי? אַהֲנֵי לְאוֹסוּפֵי כָּל דְּדָמֵי לֵיהּ.

§ The Gemara discusses a series of problems with regard to these and other methods of halakhic exegesis: Now, in the case of a generalization, and a detail, and a generalization, one derives that all items which are like the detail are included. However, if that is so, what purpose does the last generalization stated in the verse serve? The same conclusion would be reached if the verse had stated merely a generalization and a detail. The Gemara answers: The purpose of the last generalization is to add all that is similar to it, i.e., even those articles or cases not explicitly listed among the details.

וְתוּ: פְּרָט וּכְלָל וּפְרָט – כְּעֵין הַפְּרָט דָּיְינִינַן, פְּרָטָא בַּתְרָאָה מַאי אַהֲנֵי? אִי לָאו פְּרָטָא בַּתְרָאָה הֲוָה אָמִינָא נַעֲשָׂה כְּלָל מוּסָף עַל הַפְּרָט.

And furthermore, in the case of a detail, and a generalization, and a detail, one again derives that all items which are like the detail are included. If so, what purpose does the last detail stated in the verse serve? The same conclusion would apply if there was simply a detail and a generalization. The Gemara answers: If it were not for the last detail, I would say that the generalization becomes added to the detail, which is broadened in all possible ways. Therefore, the last detail limits the generalization to items or cases that are similar to the detail.

וּמִכְּדִי, תְּרֵין כְּלָלֵי וּפְרָטָא, וּתְרֵין פְּרָטֵי וּכְלָלָא – (כְּלָלָא) כְּעֵין פְּרָטָא דָּיְינִינַן, מַאי אִיכָּא בֵּינֵי וּבֵינֵי?

The Gemara continues this line of questioning. And now that it has been established that both with regard to two generalizations and a detail, i.e., a generalization, a detail, and a generalization, and two details and a generalization, i.e., a detail, a generalization, and a detail, one derives that all items that are like the detail are included, what difference is there between this method and that one? The two methods are apparently identical.

אִיכָּא, דְּאִילּוּ תַּרְתֵּין כְּלָלֵי וּפְרָטָא, אִי אִיכָּא פְּרָטָא דְּדָמֵי לֵיהּ אֲפִילּוּ בְּחַד צַד – מְרַבִּינַן. תְּרֵי פְּרָטֵי וּכְלָלָא, אִי אִיכָּא פְּרָטָא דְּדָמֵי מִשְּׁנֵי צְדָדִין – מְרַבִּינַן, בְּחַד צַד – לָא מְרַבִּינַן.

The Gemara answers: There is a difference between them, as whereas in a case of two generalizations and a detail, if there is another detail that is similar to the detail specified in the verse even in one aspect, one includes it, due to the two generalizations. By contrast, in the case of two details and a generalization, if there is another detail that is similar to the one mentioned in the verse in two aspects, one includes it. However, if it is similar in only one aspect one does not include it, as the halakha is limited by two details.

מִכְּדִי פְּרָט וּכְלָל – נַעֲשָׂה כְּלָל מוּסָף עַל הַפְּרָט, וְאִיתְרַבֵּי כָּל מִילֵּי, וּמִיעֵט וְרִיבָּה נַמִי – רִיבָּה הַכֹּל וְאִיתְרַבֵּי כָּל מִילֵּי. מַאי אִיכָּא בֵּין מִיעֵט וְרִיבָּה לִפְרָט וּכְלָל?

The Gemara asks another question: Now, in the method of a detail and a generalization, the generalization becomes added to the detail, and all matters are included by the generalization. And the method of restriction and amplification also amplifies and includes everything, and therefore all matters are included in both cases. If so, what difference is there between the method of restriction and amplification and that of a detail and a generalization?

אִיכָּא, דְּאִילּוּ פְּרָט וּכְלָל – מְרַבִּינַן אֲפִילּוּ עָלִין וְלוּלָבִין, וּמִיעֵט וְרִיבָּה – לוּלָבִין אִין, עָלִין – לָא.

The Gemara answers: There is the following difference, as whereas in the method of a detail and a generalization one includes and renders forbidden to a nazirite even leaves and tendrils of the vine, with the method of restriction and amplification one includes less, as tendrils, yes, they are included in the prohibition, whereas leaves, no, they are not included.

אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּהוּ אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כָּל אִיסּוּרִין שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה אֵין הֶיתֵּר מִצְטָרֵף לְאִיסּוּר, חוּץ מֵאִיסּוּרֵי נָזִיר, שֶׁהֲרֵי אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה ״מִשְׁרַת״.

§ Rabbi Abbahu says that Rabbi Yoḥanan says: With regard to all prohibitions that are written in the Torah, a permitted substance does not combine with a forbidden substance. If one eats a permitted food with a forbidden food and together they constitute the minimum prohibited measure, he is exempt from punishment for this act of consumption. This principle applies to all halakhot except for the prohibitions of a nazirite, who is liable for eating a mixture of that kind, as the Torah said with regard to a nazirite: “Neither shall he drink anything soaked in grapes” (Numbers 6:3). This verse indicates that a nazirite is prohibited from consuming not only wine and vinegar, but also any food that was soaked in these liquids.