מִצְוָה שָׁאנֵי.

The Gemara answers: A mitzva is different, and since it is a mitzva to put on phylacteries, the mourner is required to do so, even during the first three days.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אָבֵל, שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים – אָסוּר בִּמְלָאכָה, וַאֲפִילּוּ עָנִי הַמִּתְפַּרְנֵס מִן הַצְּדָקָה. מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ – עוֹשֶׂה בְּצִינְעָא בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתוֹ. וְהָאִשָּׁה טוֹוָה בְּפֶלֶךְ בְּתוֹךְ בֵּיתָהּ.

§ The Sages taught the following baraita : During the first three days after his bereavement, a mourner is prohibited from working, even if he is a poor person who is supported by charity. From this point forward, he may do work privately in his own home if he needs to do so. And similarly a woman may spin thread on a spindle in her own home when she is mourning.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אָבֵל, שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים – אֵינוֹ הוֹלֵךְ לְבֵית הָאָבֵל; מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ – הוֹלֵךְ, וְאֵינוֹ יוֹשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹם הַמְנַחֲמִין אֶלָּא בִּמְקוֹם הַמִּתְנַחֲמִין.

The Sages taught in another baraita : A mourner during the first three days after his bereavement may not go to another mourner’s house to console him. From this point forward, he may go, but he may not sit among the consolers, but rather in the place of those being consoled, i.e., with the mourners in that house.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אָבֵל, שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים – אָסוּר בִּשְׁאִילַת שָׁלוֹם; מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה וְעַד שִׁבְעָה – מֵשִׁיב וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹאֵל; מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ – שׁוֹאֵל וּמֵשִׁיב כְּדַרְכּוֹ.

§ The Sages taught in yet another baraita : A mourner, during the first three days after his bereavement, is prohibited from extending greetings to others. From the third day to the seventh day, he may respond when other people address him, but he may not extend greetings to them. From this point forward, he may extend greetings and respond in his usual manner.”

שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים אָסוּר בִּשְׁאִילַת שָׁלוֹם? וְהָתַנְיָא: מַעֲשֶׂה וּמֵתוּ בָּנָיו שֶׁל רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא, נִכְנְסוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהִסְפִּידוּם הֶסְפֵּד גָּדוֹל.

The Gemara asks: Is he really prohibited from extending greetings during the first three days of mourning? But isn’t it taught in a baraita : There was an incident and the sons of Rabbi Akiva died, and all the Jews entered to eulogize them with a great eulogy.

בִּשְׁעַת פְּטִירָתָן עָמַד רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא עַל סַפְסַל גָּדוֹל וְאָמַר: אַחֵינוּ בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁמְעוּ! אֲפִילּוּ שְׁנֵי בָּנִים חֲתָנִים – מְנוּחָם הוּא בִּשְׁבִיל כָּבוֹד שֶׁעֲשִׂיתֶם. וְאִם בִּשְׁבִיל עֲקִיבָא בָּאתֶם – הֲרֵי כַּמָּה עֲקִיבָא בַּשּׁוּק. אֶלָּא כָּךְ אֲמַרְתֶּם: ״תּוֹרַת אֱלֹהָיו בְּלִבּוֹ״ וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁשְּׂכַרְכֶם כָּפוּל. לְכוּ לְבָתֵּיכֶם לְשָׁלוֹם.

When they were about to take leave, Rabbi Akiva stood on a large bench and said: Our brothers, the house of Israel, listen! Even had my two sons been bridegrooms, I would have been consoled on account of the honor you have shown them. If you came to console for the sake of Akiva, there are many Akivas in the marketplace whom the Jews do all not come to console. Rather, certainly this is what you said to yourselves: “The Torah of his God is in his heart” (Psalms 37:31), and you wished to show your respect for the Torah. All the more so is your reward doubled, for you have consoled mourners and shown respect for the Torah. Return now to your homes in peace. This indicates that a mourner may greet other people even on the first day of his mourning.

כְּבוֹד רַבִּים שָׁאנֵי.

The Gemara answers: Showing respect for the public is different. Rabbi Akiva was permitted to greet them to demonstrate courtesy and respect.

מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה וְעַד שִׁבְעָה – מֵשִׁיב וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹאֵל; מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ – שׁוֹאֵל וּמֵשִׁיב כְּדַרְכּוֹ.

§ It was taught in the aforementioned baraita : From the third day to the seventh day, he may respond when other people address him, but he may not extend greetings to them. From this point forward, he may extend greetings and respond in his usual manner.

וּרְמִינְהוּ: הַמּוֹצֵא אֶת חֲבֵירוֹ אָבֵל, בְּתוֹךְ שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם – מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ; לְאַחַר שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם – שׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין.

And the Gemara raises a contradiction from another baraita that states: One who finds another in mourning during the first thirty days of that person’s bereavement may still speak words of consolation to him, but he should not extend greetings toward him. If he finds him after thirty days, he may extend greetings toward him, but he should not speak words of consolation to him, so as not to remind him of his pain.

מֵתָה אִשְׁתּוֹ וְנָשָׂא אִשָּׁה אַחֶרֶת – אֵינוֹ רַשַּׁאי לִיכָּנֵס לְבֵיתוֹ לְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין. מְצָאוֹ בַּשּׁוּק – אוֹמֵר לוֹ בְּשָׂפָה רָפָה וּבְכוֹבֶד רֹאשׁ!

If it was the mourner’s wife who died and he married another woman within thirty days of his first wife’s death, one may not enter his house to speak words of consolation with him, so as not to offend his new wife. If, however, he finds him alone in the marketplace, he may speak to him with gentle words and in a serious manner. This indicates that the prohibition against extending greetings lasts for thirty days and not just seven.

אָמַר רַב אִידִי בַּר אָבִין: הוּא שׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹם אֲחֵרִים – שֶׁאֲחֵרִים שְׁרוּיִין בְּשָׁלוֹם; אֲחֵרִים אֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ – שֶׁהוּא אֵינוֹ שָׁרוּי בְּשָׁלוֹם.

Rav Idi bar Avin said: The two baraitot refer to different situations: The first baraita is referring to the mourner himself, who may extend greetings [ shalom ] to others after the completion of his seven days of mourning, as the others are at peace [ shalom ]. The second baraita , which speaks of a prohibition that lasts thirty days, is referring to other people, who may not extend greetings to him, as he, the mourner, is not at peace.

וְהָא מִדְּקָתָנֵי מֵשִׁיב – מִכְּלָל דְּשָׁיְילִינַן לֵיהּ! דְּלָא יָדְעִי.

The Gemara challenges: But from the fact that it teaches in a baraita that after the third day of his bereavement, the mourner may respond when other people address him, by inference others may extend greetings to him. The Gemara answers: This is referring to a case where people did not know that he was in mourning and unknowingly extended greetings to him.

אִי הָכִי, הָתָם נַמִי! הָתָם מוֹדָע לְהוּ, וְלָא מְהַדֵּר לְהוּ; הָכָא – לָא צָרִיךְ לְאוֹדוּעִינְהוּ.

The Gemara asks: If so, if the baraita speaks of a case where the people who greeted him were unaware that he was in mourning, then there also, during the first three days of his bereavement, he should be permitted to respond when other people address him. The Gemara answers: There, during the first three days, he must inform them that he is in mourning and not respond to their greetings. Here, after the first three days, he need not inform them about his bereavement, but rather he may respond to their greetings.

וּרְמִינְהוּ: הַמּוֹצֵא אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ אָבֵל, בְּתוֹךְ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ – מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין וְאֵינוֹ שׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ; לְאַחַר שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ – שׁוֹאֵל בִּשְׁלוֹמוֹ וְאֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין, אֲבָל מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ מִן הַצַּד.

And the Gemara raises a contradiction from another baraita that states: One who finds another in mourning during his twelve months of bereavement may still speak words of consolation to him, but he should not extend greetings toward him. If he finds him after twelve months, he may extend greetings toward him, and he should not speak words of consolation to him. He may, however, speak to him indirectly, i.e., he may say to him: May you be consoled, without mentioning the name of the deceased.

אָמַר רַבִּי מֵאִיר: הַמּוֹצֵא אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ אָבֵל לְאַחַר שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר חֹדֶשׁ, וּמְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין, לְמָה הוּא דּוֹמֶה? לְאָדָם שֶׁנִּשְׁבְּרָה רַגְלוֹ וְחָיְתָה, מְצָאוֹ רוֹפֵא וְאָמַר לוֹ: כַּלֵּךְ אֶצְלִי, שֶׁאֲנִי שׁוֹבְרָהּ וַאֲרַפְּאֶנָּה, כְּדֵי שֶׁתֵּדַע שֶׁסַּמְמָנִין שֶׁלִּי יָפִין!

Rabbi Meir said: One who finds another in mourning after twelve months and speaks to him words of consolation, to what may this situation be likened? To a person who broke his leg and it healed, and afterward a physician found him and said to him: Come to me, for I will break it a second time and then I will heal it, so that you may know how good my medicines are and how well they work. One who consoles his friend after so much time has passed acts in a similar fashion, stirring up an old wound and then trying to heal it. In any event, it appears that one must not extend greetings to a mourner during the entire twelve-month mourning period.

לָא קַשְׁיָא: הָא – בְּאָבִיו וְאִמּוֹ; הָא – בִּשְׁאָר קְרוֹבִים.

The Gemara answers: This is not difficult. This baraita , which says that one must not extend greetings to a mourner for twelve months, is referring to one who lost his father or mother. That baraita , which teaches that a mourner may be greeted after seven days, other relatives.

הָתָם נַמִי יְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין מִן הַצַּד! אִין, הָכִי נַמִי. וּמַאי אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ תַּנְחוּמִין? כְּדַרְכּוֹ, אֲבָל מְדַבֵּר עִמּוֹ מִן הַצַּד.

The Gemara asks: There too, in the case of other relatives after thirty days, let him speak words of consolation to him indirectly. Why does the baraita say that after thirty days he should not speak words of consolation to him at all? The Gemara answers: Yes, it is indeed so. And what is meant by the words: He should not speak words of consolation to him? This means that he may not console him in his usual manner, but he may speak to him indirectly.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: אָבֵל, שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים בָּא מִמָּקוֹם קָרוֹב – מוֹנֶה עִמָּהֶן; בָּא מִמָּקוֹם רָחוֹק – מוֹנֶה לְעַצְמוֹ. מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ, אֲפִילּוּ בָּא מִמָּקוֹם קָרוֹב – מוֹנֶה לְעַצְמוֹ. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר: אֲפִילּוּ בָּא בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי מִמָּקוֹם קָרוֹב – מוֹנֶה עִמָּהֶן.

§ The Sages taught the following baraita : If a mourner comes to the house of mourning from a nearby place during the first three days of mourning, he counts his days of mourning with the other mourners from the time of the burial and completes his mourning with them. This is the case even if he may end up observing mourning for only five or six days. But if he came from a distant place, he counts on his own seven complete days from the time that he was informed of his relative’s death. From this point forward, i.e., after the first three days of mourning, even if he came from a nearby place, he counts seven days on his own. Rabbi Shimon says: Even if he came on the seventh day from a nearby place, he counts and completes the seven-day period of mourning with the other mourners.

אָמַר מָר: שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים, בָּא מִמָּקוֹם קָרוֹב – מוֹנֶה עִמָּהֶן. אָמַר רַבִּי חִיָּיא בַּר אַבָּא אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: וְהוּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ גְּדוֹל הַבַּיִת בַּבַּיִת.

The Master said, citing the baraita : If a mourner comes to the house of mourning from a nearby place during the first three days of mourning, he counts his days of mourning with the other mourners and completes his mourning with them. Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: This is in a case where the principal member of the household is in the house, and therefore all the other family members follow his mourning. If, however, it is the principal member of the family who comes home, he certainly does not follow the other members, but rather he counts seven days on his own.

אִיבַּעֲיָא לְהוּ:

A dilemma was raised before the scholars: