רַב פַּפָּא אֲמַר: אֲפִילּוּ שׁוּפְתָּא מָרָא גָּיְיצִי.

Rav Pappa said: They gnaw even on the handle of a hoe.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן, חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים מְשַׁכְּחִים אֶת הַתַּלְמוּד: הָאוֹכֵל מִמַּה שֶּׁאוֹכֵל עַכְבָּר וּמִמַּה שֶּׁאוֹכֵל חָתוּל, וְהָאוֹכֵל לֵב שֶׁל בְּהֵמָה, וְהָרָגִיל בְּזֵיתִים, וְהַשּׁוֹתֶה מַיִם שֶׁל שִׁיּוּרֵי רְחִיצָה, וְהָרוֹחֵץ רַגְלָיו זוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי זוֹ; וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: אַף הַמַּנִּיחַ כֵּלָיו תַּחַת מְרַאֲשׁוֹתָיו. חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים מְשִׁיבִים אֶת הַתַּלְמוּד: פַּת פֶּחָמִין וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן פֶּחָמִין עַצְמָן, וְהָאוֹכֵל בֵּיצָה מְגוּלְגֶּלֶת בְּלֹא מֶלַח, וְהָרָגִיל בְּשֶׁמֶן זַיִת, וְהָרָגִיל בְּיַיִן וּבְשָׂמִים, וְהַשּׁוֹתֶה מַיִם שֶׁל שִׁיּוּרֵי עִיסָּה; וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: אַף הַטּוֹבֵל אֶצְבָּעוֹ בְּמֶלַח וְאוֹכֵל.

§ The Sages taught in a baraita : There are five factors that cause one to forget his Torah study: One who eats from that which a mouse eats and from that which a cat eats, and one who eats the heart of an animal, and one who is accustomed to eating olives, and one who drinks water that remains from washing, and one who washes his feet with this foot atop that foot. And some say: Also one who places his garments under his head. Correspondingly, there are five factors that restore forgotten Torah study: Eating bread baked on coals and all the more so one who warms himself with the heat of the coals themselves, and one who eats a hard-boiled egg [ beitza megulgelet ] without salt, and one who is accustomed to eating olive oil, and one who is accustomed to drinking wine and smelling spices, and one who drinks water that remains from kneading dough. And some say: Also one who dips his finger in salt and eats it.

״הָרָגִיל בְּשֶׁמֶן זַיִת״; מְסַיֵּיעַ לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן, דַּאֲמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהַזַּיִת מְשַׁכֵּחַ תַּלְמוּד שֶׁל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה, כָּךְ שֶׁמֶן זַיִת מֵשִׁיב תַּלְמוּד שֶׁל שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה.

The Gemara elaborates on the baraita : One who is accustomed to eating olive oil restores forgotten Torah study. The Gemara notes: This supports the opinion of Rabbi Yoḥanan, as Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Just as eating an olive causes one to forget seventy years’ worth of Torah study, olive oil restores seventy years’ worth of Torah study.

״וְהָרָגִיל בְּיַיִן וּבְשָׂמִים״; מְסַיֵּיעַ לֵיהּ לְרָבָא, דַּאֲמַר רָבָא: חַמְרָא וְרֵיחָנֵי פַּקְחִין.

The baraita continues: And one who is accustomed to drinking wine and smelling spices restores forgotten Torah study. The Gemara notes: This supports the opinion of Rava, as Rava said: Wine and spices rendered me wise.

״וְהַטּוֹבֵל אֶצְבָּעוֹ בְּמֶלַח״; אָמַר רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: וּבְאַחַת. כְּתַנָּאֵי, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: אַחַת וְלֹא שְׁתַּיִם, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר: שְׁתַּיִם וְלֹא שָׁלֹשׁ; וְסִימָנֵיךְ: קְמִיצָה.

The baraita continues: One who dips his finger in salt and eats it restores forgotten Torah study. Reish Lakish says: And that is the case with regard to one finger. The Gemara notes: This is parallel to a dispute between tanna’im . Rabbi Yehuda says: One finger but not two. Rabbi Yosei says: Two fingers but not three. And your mnemonic for the fact that the dispute is between one and two fingers is kemitza , i.e., the ring finger. When one presses his ring finger to his palm, there remain two straight fingers on one side and one on the other.

עֲשָׂרָה דְּבָרִים קָשִׁים לַתַּלְמוּד: הָעוֹבֵר תַּחַת הָאַפְסָר [הַגָּמָל] וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן תַּחַת גָּמָל [עַצְמוֹ], וְהָעוֹבֵר בֵּין שְׁנֵי גְּמַלִּים, וְהָעוֹבֵר בֵּין שְׁתֵּי נָשִׁים, וְהָאִשָּׁה הָעוֹבֶרֶת בֵּין שְׁנֵי אֲנָשִׁים, וְהָעוֹבֵר מִתַּחַת רֵיחַ רַע שֶׁל נְבֵילָה, וְהָעוֹבֵר תַּחַת הַגֶּשֶׁר שֶׁלֹּא עָבְרוּ תַּחְתָּיו מַיִם אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם, וְהָאוֹכֵל פַּת שֶׁלֹּא בָּשֵׁל כָּל צָרְכּוֹ, וְהָאוֹכֵל בָּשָׂר מִזּוּהֲמָא לִיסְטְרוֹן, וְהַשּׁוֹתֶה מֵאַמַּת הַמַּיִם הָעוֹבֶרֶת בְּבֵית הַקְּבָרוֹת, וְהַמִּסְתַּכֵּל בִּפְנֵי הַמֵּת; וְיֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים: אַף הַקּוֹרֵא כְּתָב שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַקֶּבֶר.

Ten factors are detrimental for Torah study: One who passes beneath the bit of the camel, and all the more so one who passes beneath a camel itself; and one who passes between two camels; and one who passes between two women; and a woman who passes between two men; and one who passes beneath a place where there is the foul odor of an animal carcass; and one who passes under a bridge beneath which water has not passed for forty days; and one who eats bread that was not sufficiently baked; and one who eats meat from zuhama listeron , a utensil consisting of a spoon and a fork, used to remove the film on the surface of soup; and one who drinks from an aqueduct that passes through a cemetery; and one who gazes at the face of the dead. And some say: Also one who reads the writing that is on the stone of a grave.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: כְּשֶׁהַנָּשִׂיא נִכְנָס, כָּל הָעָם עוֹמְדִים, וְאֵין יוֹשְׁבִים עַד שֶׁאוֹמֵר לָהֶם: שְׁבוּ; כְּשֶׁאַב בֵּית דִּין נִכְנָס, עוֹשִׂים לוֹ שׁוּרָה אַחַת מִכָּאן וְשׁוּרָה אַחַת מִכָּאן עַד שֶׁיֵּשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ; כְּשֶׁחָכָם נִכְנָס, אֶחָד עוֹמֵד וְאֶחָד יוֹשֵׁב עַד שֶׁיֵּשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ. בְּנֵי חֲכָמִים וְתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, בִּזְמַן שֶׁרַבִּים צְרִיכִים לָהֶם – מַפְסִיעִין עַל רָאשֵׁי הָעָם, יָצָא לְצוֹרֶךְ – יִכָּנֵס וְיֵשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ.

§ The Sages taught in a baraita : When the Nasi of the Sanhedrin enters, all the people stand and they do not sit until he says to them: Sit. When the deputy Nasi of the Sanhedrin enters, the people form for him one row from here, on this side of the path that he takes, and one row from there, on the other side of it, in a display of deference, until he sits in his place, and then they may be seated. When the Ḥakham , who is ranked third among the members of the Sanhedrin, enters, one person stands when he is within four cubits of the Ḥakham , and another sits, i.e., when one is no longer within four cubits of the Ḥakham he may sit. And all those whom the Ḥakham passes do this, until he sits in his place. When the multitudes require their services, i.e., they serve a public role, sons of the Sages and Torah scholars may step over the heads of the people seated on the ground in order to reach their places in the Sanhedrin. If one of the Sages left for the purpose of relieving himself, when he is finished he may enter and sit in his place in the Sanhedrin, and he need not be concerned that he is imposing upon those assembled.

בְּנֵי תַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים שֶׁמְּמוּנִּים אֲבִיהֶם פַּרְנָס עַל הַצִּבּוּר, בִּזְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהֶם דַּעַת לִשְׁמוֹעַ – נִכְנָסִים וְיוֹשְׁבִים לִפְנֵי אֲבִיהֶם וַאֲחוֹרֵיהֶם כְּלַפֵּי הָעָם, בִּזְמַן שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם דַּעַת לִשְׁמוֹעַ – נִכְנָסִים וְיוֹשְׁבִים לִפְנֵי אֲבִיהֶם וּפְנֵיהֶם כְּלַפֵּי הָעָם. רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר רַבִּי [צָדוֹק] אוֹמֵר: אַף בְּבֵית הַמִּשְׁתֶּה עוֹשִׂים אוֹתָם סְנִיפִין.

When they have the wisdom to hear and to study, the sons of Torah scholars, whose fathers are appointed as leaders of the congregation, enter and sit before their fathers, and their backs are directed toward the people. When they do not have the wisdom to hear and to study they enter and sit before their fathers, and their faces are directed toward the people, so everyone sees that they are seated there in deference to their fathers but not as students. Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Tzadok, says: Even at a wedding party one renders them attachments [ senifin ] and seats them adjacent to their fathers.

[אָמַר מָר:] יָצָא לְצוֹרֶךְ – נִכְנָס וְיוֹשֵׁב בִּמְקוֹמוֹ. אֲמַר רַב פַּפָּא: לֹא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא לִקְטַנִּים, אֲבָל לִגְדוֹלִים לֹא, הֲוָה לֵיהּ לְמִבְדַּק נַפְשֵׁיהּ מֵעִיקָּרָא, דְּאָמַר רַב יְהוּדָה אָמַר רַב: לְעוֹלָם יְלַמֵּד אָדָם עַצְמוֹ לְהַשְׁכִּים וּלְהַעֲרִיב, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְרַחֵק. (אֲמַר רָבָא:) הָאִידָנָא דְּחַלְשָׁא עָלְמָא, אֲפִילּוּ לִגְדוֹלִים נַמִי.

The Master said: If one of the Sages left for the purpose of relieving himself, when he is finished he may enter and sit in his place. Rav Pappa said: The Sages said this only with regard to one who leaves for minor bodily functions, i.e., to urinate. But with regard to one who leaves for major bodily functions, i.e., to defecate, no, he may not return to his place, because he should have examined himself initially so that he would not need to leave. His failure to do so constitutes negligence and he may not impose upon others when he returns, as Rav Yehuda says that Rav says: A person should always accustom himself to relieving himself in the morning and in the evening so that he will not need to distance himself during the daylight hours to find an appropriate place. Rava said: Today, when the world is weak and people are not as healthy as they once were, one may even return after he leaves for major bodily functions.

רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר בַּר רַבִּי [צָדוֹק] אוֹמֵר: אַף בְּבֵית הַמִּשְׁתֶּה עוֹשִׂים אוֹתָם סְנִיפִים. אָמַר רָבָא: בְּחַיֵּי אֲבִיהֶם, בִּפְנֵי אֲבִיהֶם.

Rabbi Elazar, son of Rabbi Tzadok, says: Even at a wedding party one renders them attachments. Rava said: This applies during the lifetime of their fathers and in the presence of their fathers.

אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: בִּימֵי רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל נִישְׁנֵית מִשְׁנָה זוֹ, רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל – נָשִׂיא, רַבִּי מֵאִיר – חָכָם, רַבִּי נָתָן – אַב בֵּית דִּין, כִּי הֲוָה רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הָתָם הָווּ קַיְימֵי כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא מִקַּמֵּיהּ, כִּי הָווּ עָיְילֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר וְרַבִּי נָתָן הָווּ קַיְימֵי כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא מִקַּמַּיְיהוּ, אֲמַר רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל: לָא בָּעוּ לְמֶיהֱוֵי הֶיכֵּרָא בֵּין דִּילִי לְדִידְהוּ? תַּקֵּין הָא מַתְנִיתָא.

§ Rabbi Yoḥanan says: This mishna, i.e., the preceding baraita , was taught during the days of Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel was the Nasi , Rabbi Meir was the Ḥakham , and Rabbi Natan was the deputy Nasi . When Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel was there, everyone would arise before him. When Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan would enter, everyone would arise before them. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said: Shouldn’t there be a conspicuous distinction between me and them in terms of the manner in which deference is shown? Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel instituted the provisions delineated in this baraita that distinguish between the Nasi and his subordinates with regard to the deference shown them.

הַהוּא יוֹמָא לָא הָווּ רַבִּי מֵאִיר וְרַבִּי נָתָן הָתָם, לְמָחָר כִּי אָתוּ, חֲזוּ דְּלָא קָמוּ מִקַּמַּיְיהוּ כְּדִרְגִילָא מִילְּתָא, אָמְרִי: מַאי הַאי? אֲמַרוּ לְהוּ: הָכִי תַּקֵּין רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל.

That day, when Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel instituted these provisions, Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan were not there. The following day when they came to the study hall, they saw that the people did not stand before them as the matter was typically done. They said: What is this? The people said to them: This is what Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel instituted.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבִּי מֵאִיר לְרַבִּי נָתָן: אֲנָא חָכָם וְאַתְּ אַב בֵּית דִּין, נַתְקִין מִילְּתָא כִּי לְדִידָן. מַאי נַעֲבֵיד לֵיהּ? נֵימָא לֵיהּ: גַּלֵּי עוֹקָצִים, דְּלֵית לֵיהּ, וְכֵיוָן דְּלָא גָּמַר, נֵימָא לֵיהּ: ״מִי יְמַלֵּל גְּבוּרוֹת ה׳ יַשְׁמִיעַ כָּל תְּהִלָּתוֹ״, לְמִי נָאֶה לְמַלֵּל גְּבוּרוֹת ה׳? מִי שֶׁיָּכוֹל לְהַשְׁמִיעַ כָּל תְּהִלּוֹתָיו, נַעַבְרֵיהּ, וְהָוֵי אֲנָא אַב בֵּית דִּין וְאַתְּ נָשִׂיא.

Rabbi Meir said to Rabbi Natan: I am the Ḥakham and you are the deputy Nasi . Let us devise a matter and do to him as he did to us. What shall we do to him? Let us say to him: Reveal to us tractate Okatzim , which he does not know. And once it is clear to all that he did not learn, he will not have anything to say. Then we will say to him: “Who can express the mighty acts of the Lord, shall make all His praises heard?” (Psalms 106:2), indicating: For whom is it becoming to express the mighty acts of the Lord? It is becoming for one who is capable of making all His praises heard, and not for one who does not know one of the tractates. We will remove him from his position as Nasi , and I will be deputy Nasi and you will be Nasi .

שְׁמָעִינְהוּ רַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בֶּן קָרְשֵׁי, אָמַר: דִּלְמָא חַס וְשָׁלוֹם אָתְיָא מִלְּתָא לִידֵי כִּיסּוּפָא, אֲזַל יָתִיב אֲחוֹרֵי עִילִּיתֵיהּ דְּרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, פָּשַׁט, גָּרַס וּתְנָא, גָּרַס וּתְנָא.

Rabbi Ya’akov ben Korshei heard them talking, and said: Perhaps, Heaven forfend, this matter will come to a situation of humiliation for Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel. He did not wish to speak criticism or gossip about Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan, so he went and sat behind the upper story where Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel lived. He explained tractate Okatzin ; he studied it aloud and repeated it, and studied it aloud and repeated it.

אֲמַר: מַאי דְּקַמָּא? דִּלְמָא חַס וְשָׁלוֹם אִיכָּא בֵּי מִדְרָשָׁא מִידֵי! יְהַב דַּעְתֵּיהּ וּגְרָסָהּ. לְמָחָר אֲמַרוּ לֵיהּ: נֵיתֵי מָר וְנִיתְנֵי בְּעוֹקָצִין, פָּתַח וַאֲמַר. בָּתַר דְּאוֹקִים, אֲמַר לְהוּ: אִי לָא גָּמֵירְנָא כְּסִיפִיתְנַן,

Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said to himself: What is this that is transpiring before us? Perhaps, Heaven forfend, there is something transpiring in the study hall. He suspected that Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan were planning something. He concentrated and studied tractate Okatzin . The following day Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan said to him: Let the Master come and teach a lesson in tractate Okatzin . He began and stated the lesson he had prepared. After he completed teaching the tractate, he said to them: If I had not studied the tractate, you would have humiliated me.

פְּקִיד וְאַפְּקִינְהוּ מִבֵּי מִדְרָשָׁא. הָווּ כָּתְבִי קוּשִׁיָּיתָא [בְּפִתְקָא] וּשְׁדוּ הָתָם, דַּהֲוָה מִיפְרִיק מִיפְרִיק, דְּלָא הָווּ מִיפְרִיק כָּתְבִי פֵּירוּקֵי וְשָׁדוּ. אֲמַר לְהוּ רַבִּי יוֹסֵי: תּוֹרָה מִבַּחוּץ וְאָנוּ מִבִּפְנִים?

Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel commanded those present and they expelled Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan from the study hall as punishment. Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan would write difficulties on a scrap of paper [ pitka ] and would throw them there into the study hall. Those difficulties that were resolved were resolved; as for those that were not resolved, Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan wrote resolutions on a scrap of paper and threw them into the study hall. Rabbi Yosei said to the Sages: How is it that the Torah, embodied in the preeminent Torah scholars, is outside and we are inside?

אָמַר לָהֶן רַבָּן [שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן] גַּמְלִיאֵל: נֵיעַיְילִינְהוּ, מִיהוּ נִיקְנְסִינְהוּ דְּלָא נֵימְרוּ שְׁמַעֲתָא מִשְּׁמַיְיהוּ. אַסִּיקוּ לְרַבִּי מֵאִיר – ״אֲחֵרִים״, וּלְרַבִּי נָתָן – ״יֵשׁ אוֹמְרִים״. אַחֲווּ לְהוּ בְּחֶלְמַיְיהוּ: זִילוּ פַּיְּיסוּהוּ [לְרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל], רַבִּי נָתָן אֲזַל, רַבִּי מֵאִיר לָא אֲזַל, אֲמַר: דִּבְרֵי חֲלוֹמוֹת לֹא מַעֲלִין וְלֹא מוֹרִידִין. כִּי אֲזַל רַבִּי נָתָן, אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל: נְהִי דְּאַהֲנֵי לָךְ קַמְרָא דַּאֲבוּךְ לְמֶהֱוֵי אַב בֵּית דִּין, שְׁוֵינֵיךְ נַמִי נָשִׂיא?!

Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said to them: Let us admit them into the study hall. But we will penalize them in that we will not cite halakha in their names. They cited statements of Rabbi Meir in the name of Aḥerim , meaning: Others, and they cited statements of Rabbi Natan in the name of yesh omerim , meaning: Some say. Rabbi Meir and Rabbi Natan were shown a message in their dreams: Go, appease Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel. Rabbi Natan went. Rabbi Meir did not go. He said in his heart: Matters of dreams are insignificant. When Rabbi Natan went, Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel said to him: Although the ornate belt, i.e., the importance, of your father was effective in enabling you to become deputy Nasi , as Rabbi Natan’s father was the Babylonian Exilarch, will it render you Nasi as well?

מַתְנֵי לֵיהּ רַבִּי לְרַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בְּרֵיהּ, אֲחֵרִים אוֹמְרִים: אִילּוּ הָיָה תְּמוּרָה

Years later, Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi taught Rabban Shimon his son that Aḥerim say: If it was considered a substitute,