עָבְדִין כְּדֵין? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: דַּעְתִּי קְצָרָה עָלַי.

Do we act in this manner? Rav said to Shmuel: I did wash my hands, but as I am delicate I do not wish to hold food in my bare hands; therefore I covered them with a cloth.

כִּי סָלֵיק רַבִּי זֵירָא, אַשְׁכַּחִינְהוּ לְרַבִּי אַמִי וְרַבִּי אַסִי דְּקָאָכְלִי בִּבְלָאֵי חֲמָתוֹת. אֲמַר: תְּרֵי גַּבְרֵי רַבְרְבֵי כְּוָותַיְיכוּ לִיטְעוּ בִּדְרַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל! הָא ״דַּעְתִּי קְצָרָה״ קָאָמַר.

The Gemara further relates: When Rabbi Zeira left Babylonia for Eretz Yisrael, he found Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi eating bread while covering their hands with worn pieces of wineskins, rather than washing them. Rabbi Zeira said to them: Could two great men such as yourselves err with regard to the incident of Rav and Shmuel related above? After all, Rav said to Shmuel: I am using a cloth because I am delicate; he did wash his hands beforehand.

אִשְׁתַּמִיטְתֵיהּ הָא דַּאֲמַר רַב תַּחְלִיפָא בַּר אֲבִימִי אֲמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: הִתִּירוּ מַפָּה לְאוֹכְלֵי תְרוּמָה, וְלֹא הִתִּירוּ מַפָּה לְאוֹכְלֵי טְהָרוֹת, וְרַבִּי אַמִי וְרַבִּי אַסִי כֹּהֲנִים הָווּ.

The Gemara notes: It escaped Rabbi Zeira’s mind that Rav Taḥlifa bar Avimi said that Shmuel said: The Sages permitted the consumption of bread while the hands are wrapped with a cloth rather than washed, specifically to priests who partake of teruma , as they are careful not to touch the bread with their hands. But they did not permit the use of a cloth in this manner to non-priests, even those who are particular to eat non-sacred food in a state of ritual purity, as they do not maintain the same level of diligence as priests. And since Rabbi Ami and Rabbi Asi were priests, it was permitted for them to eat with a cloth.

אִיבַּעֲיָא לְהוּ: אוֹכֵל מֵחֲמַת מַאֲכִיל, צָרִיךְ נְטִילַת יָדַיִם אוֹ לֹא? תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּרַב הוּנָא בַּר סְחוֹרָה הֲוָה קָאֵי קַמֵּיהּ דְּרַב הַמְנוּנָא, בְּלַם לֵיהּ אוּמְצָא וְאָכֵיל. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִי לָאו דְּרַב הַמְנוּנָא אַתְּ, לָא סָפֵינָא לָךְ.

A dilemma was raised before the Sages: If one eats by means of another feeding him, without himself touching the food, does he need to wash hands before eating or not? The Gemara suggests: Come and hear proof from the following incident where Rav Huna bar Seḥora was standing before Rav Hamnuna and serving him. Rav Huna bar Seḥora cut a slice of meat for Rav Hamnuna and he ate it. Rav Huna bar Seḥora said to Rav Hamnuna: Were you not Rav Hamnuna, I would not feed you in this fashion.

מַאי טַעֲמָא, לָאו מִשּׁוּם דְּזָהִיר וְלָא נָגַע? לָא, דְּזָרִיז קָדֵים, וּמָשֵׁי יְדֵיהּ מֵעִיקָּרָא.

The Gemara infers from this episode: What is the reason that it was permitted for Rav Hamnuna to eat in such a manner? Is it not because he was careful not to touch the food with his hands? This indicates that someone may be fed even without washing his hands. The Gemara rejects this: No, one can say that he was vigilant and went ahead and washed his hands at the outset.

תָּא שְׁמַע, דַּאֲמַר רַבִּי זֵירָא אֲמַר רַב: לֹא יִתֵּן אָדָם פְּרוּסָה לְתוֹךְ פִּיו שֶׁל שַׁמָּשׁ, אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יוֹדֵעַ בּוֹ שֶׁנָּטַל יָדָיו, וְהַשַּׁמָּשׁ מְבָרֵךְ עַל כָּל כּוֹס וָכוֹס, וְאֵינוֹ מְבָרֵךְ עַל כָּל פְּרוּסָה וּפְרוּסָה. וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן אָמַר: מְבָרֵךְ עַל כָּל פְּרוּסָה וּפְרוּסָה.

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear proof from that which Rabbi Zeira said that Rav said: A person may not place a slice of bread into the mouth of the attendant serving at a meal unless he knows that he has washed his hands. And it was also stated that the attendant recites a blessing over each and every cup of wine presented to him at a meal. This is because he never knows if he will receive another cup, and he cannot intend that his initial blessing apply to a cup he does not know he will receive. But he does not recite a blessing over each and every slice of bread given to him. And Rabbi Yoḥanan says that he must recite a blessing over each and every slice he receives.

אֲמַר רַב פַּפָּא: בִּשְׁלָמָא דְּרַב וְרַבִּי יוֹחָנָן לָא קַשְׁיָא, הָא – דְּאִיכָּא אָדָם חָשׁוּב, הָא – דְּלֵיכָּא אָדָם חָשׁוּב.

Rav Pappa said: Granted, the apparent contradiction between the opinions of Rav and Rabbi Yoḥanan is not difficult; one can resolve it by saying that this statement of Rav, that the attendant need not recite a blessing for every slice of bread, is referring to a case where there is an important person at the meal. Since the attendant is confident that the important person will ensure the attendant receives enough to eat, his initial blessing applies to each slice he receives. And that statement of Rabbi Yoḥanan is referring to a meal where there is no important person. Since the attendant is not confident that he will receive another slice, he must recite a new blessing whenever he does receive one.

מִכָּל מָקוֹם הָא קָאָמַר ״אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁנָּטַל יָדָיו״! שָׁאנֵי שַׁמָּשׁ, דִּטְרִיד.

In any case, Rav first says that one should not place a slice into the attendant’s mouth unless he knows that he has washed his hands. This indicates that one who is fed by another must wash his hands. The Gemara responds: The case of an attendant is different, as he is occupied with his duties and may touch the food inadvertently. Therefore, he specifically may not eat without washing his hands.

תָּנוּ רַבָּנַן: לֹא יִתֵּן אָדָם פְּרוּסָה לַשַּׁמָּשׁ, בֵּין שֶׁהַכּוֹס בְּיָדוֹ בֵּין שֶׁהַכּוֹס בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת, שֶׁמָּא יֶאֱרַע דְּבַר קַלְקָלָה בַּסְּעוּדָה. וְהַשַּׁמָּשׁ שֶׁלֹּא נָטַל יָדָיו – אָסוּר לִיתֵּן פְּרוּסָה לְתוֹךְ פִּיו.

§ The Sages taught in a baraita : A person who is a guest may not give a slice of bread from the meal in front of him to the attendant serving, whether a cup is in the attendant’s hand or a cup is in the host’s hand, lest a mishap occur at the meal. The host might become angry or distracted by the concern that there will not remain enough food for his guests, and the cup will fall from his hand. If the cup is in the attendant’s hand, he might drop it while accepting food from the guest. And with regard to an attendant who has not washed his hands, it is prohibited to place a slice of bread into his mouth.

אִיבַּעֲיָא לְהוּ: מַאֲכִיל, צָרִיךְ נְטִילַת יָדַיִם אוֹ אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ?

§ A dilemma was raised before the Sages: Does one who feeds another need to wash his hands, since his hands are touching the food? Or perhaps he does not need to wash his hands, as he himself is not eating.

תָּא שְׁמַע, דְּתָנֵי דְּבֵי מְנַשֶּׁה, רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: אִשָּׁה מְדִיחָה אֶת יָדָהּ אַחַת בַּמַּיִם, וְנוֹתֶנֶת פַּת לִבְנָהּ קָטָן. אָמְרוּ עָלָיו עַל שַׁמַּאי הַזָּקֵן שֶׁלֹּא רָצָה לְהַאֲכִיל בְּיָדוֹ אַחַת, וְגָזְרוּ עָלָיו שֶׁיַּאֲכִיל בִּשְׁתֵּי יָדָיו.

The Gemara suggests: Come and hear a resolution to the dilemma from that which the school of Menashe taught that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: A woman may rinse one hand in water on Yom Kippur, so that she does not touch food before she has washed her hands in the morning, and give bread to her minor son, without concern about violating the prohibition against bathing on Yom Kippur. They said about Shammai the Elder that he did not want to feed his children with even one hand on Yom Kippur, to avoid having to wash it. But due to concerns about the health and well-being of his children, they decreed that he must feed them with two hands, forcing him to wash both. Apparently one who feeds another must wash his hands, even though he himself is not eating.

אֲמַר אַבַּיֵי: הָתָם מִשּׁוּם שִׁיבְתָא.

Abaye said: The reason for the washing there is not on account of the food specifically. Rather, it is due to an evil spirit named Shivta, who contaminates hands that have not been washed in the morning. As long as one washes his hands in the morning, perhaps he need not wash them again to feed another.

תָּא שְׁמַע: דַּאֲבוּהּ דִּשְׁמוּאֵל אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ לִשְׁמוּאֵל דְּקָא בָּכֵי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אַמַּאי קָא בָּכֵית? דְּמָחְיַין רַבַּאי. אַמַּאי? דַּאֲמַר לִי: קָא סָפֵית לִבְרַאִי וְלָא מָשֵׁית יְדֵיהּ. וְאַמַּאי לָא מָשֵׁית? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הוּא אָכֵיל וַאֲנָא מָשֵׁינָא?!

The Gemara further suggests: Come and hear a resolution to the dilemma from the following incident, as Shmuel’s father found the young Shmuel crying, and said to him: Why are you crying? Shmuel replied: Because my teacher struck me. His father asked: Why did he strike you? Shmuel responded: My teacher said to me: You are feeding my son, but you did not wash your hands. His father asked: And why did you not wash your hands? Shmuel said to him: Only he, the teacher’s son, is eating, and I must wash my hands?

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא מִיסְתַּיֵיהּ דְּלָא גָּמֵיר, מִימְחָא נַמִי מָחֵי! וְהִלְכְתָא: אוֹכֵל מֵחֲמַת מַאֲכִיל – צָרִיךְ נְטִילַת יָדַיִם, מַאֲכִיל – אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ נְטִילַת יָדַיִם.

Shmuel’s father said to him: Is it not enough that your teacher did not learn the halakha properly, that he even strikes you on account of his error? One who feeds another need not wash his hands if he himself is not eating. The Gemara concludes: And the halakha is that one who eats by means of another feeding him needs to wash his hands, even though he does not touch the food. But one who feeds another does not need to wash his hands.

מתני׳ צוֹרֵר אָדָם בָּשָׂר וּגְבִינָה בְּמִטְפַּחַת אַחַת, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ נוֹגְעִין זֶה בָּזֶה. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: שְׁנֵי אַכְסְנָאִין אוֹכְלִין עַל שֻׁלְחָן אֶחָד זֶה בָּשָׂר וְזֶה גְּבִינָה, וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין.

A person may bind meat and cheese in one cloth, provided that they do not come into contact with each other. Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Two unacquainted guests [ akhsena’in ] may eat together on one table, this one eating meat and that one eating cheese, and they need not be concerned lest they come to violate the prohibition of eating meat and milk by partaking of the food of the other.

גמ׳ וְכִי נוֹגֵעַ זֶה בָּזֶה מַאי הָוֵי? צוֹנֵן בְּצוֹנֵן הוּא! אֲמַר אַבַּיֵי: נְהִי דִּקְלִיפָה לָא בָּעֵי, הֲדָחָה מִי לָא בָּעֵי!

The mishna teaches that one may bind meat and cheese together in one cloth, provided that they do not come into contact with each other. The Gemara asks: And if they come into contact with each other, what of it? It is a case of one cold food in contact with another cold food, and they would not absorb substances from one another. Abaye said: Granted that cold foods do not require the peeling of the place where they came into contact, as they do not absorb substances from one another. Nevertheless, don’t they require rinsing in water? The Sages therefore decreed against the contact of even cold meat and cheese, lest one come to eat them without rinsing them first.

״רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר שְׁנֵי אַכְסְנָאִין אוֹכְלִין עַל שׁוּלְחָן״ וכו׳. אָמַר רַב חָנָן בַּר אַמִי, אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל: לֹא שָׁנוּ – אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין מַכִּירִין זֶה אֶת זֶה, אֲבָל מַכִּירִין זֶה אֶת זֶה – אָסוּר.

§ The mishna teaches that Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: Two guests may eat together on one table, this one eating meat and that one eating cheese. Rav Ḥanan bar Ami says that Shmuel says: They taught this halakha only in a case where the guests do not know each other, as they will not eat of each other’s food. But in a situation where they know each other, it is prohibited for them to eat together at the same table.

תַּנְיָא נַמִי הָכִי, רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר: שְׁנֵי אַכְסְנָאִים שֶׁנִּתְאָרְחוּ לְפוּנְדָּק אֶחָד, זֶה בָּא מִן הַצָּפוֹן וְזֶה בָּא מִן הַדָּרוֹם, זֶה בָּא בַּחֲתִיכָתוֹ, וְזֶה בָּא בִּגְבִינָתוֹ – אוֹכְלִין עַל שֻׁלְחָן אֶחָד זֶה בָּשָׂר וְזֶה גְּבִינָה, וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין.

That opinion is also taught in a baraita : Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel says: If two guests roomed in one inn, this one coming from the north and that one coming from the south, this one coming with his piece of meat and that one coming with his cheese, they may eat together on one table, this one eating meat and that one cheese, and they need not be concerned.

וְלֹא אָסְרוּ אֶלָּא בִּתְפִיסָה אַחַת. תְּפִיסָה אַחַת סָלְקָא דַּעְתָּךְ? אֶלָּא: כְּעֵין תְּפִיסָה אַחַת.

The baraita adds: And the Sages prohibited this practice only if they both eat from one parcel. The Gemara adds: Can it enter your mind that the baraita is actually referring to a case where they eat from one parcel? This is obviously prohibited. Rather, it prohibits eating even in a manner as though they were eating from one parcel, i.e., when the diners are somewhat acquainted with each other, since neither would mind if the other ate from his food.

אֲמַר לֵיהּ רַב יֵימָר בַּר שֶׁלֶמְיָא לְאַבַּיֵי: שְׁנֵי אַחִין וּמַקְפִּידִין זֶה עַל זֶה, מַהוּ?

§ It was stated above that if two diners are acquainted with each other they may not eat meat and cheese on the same table. Rav Yeimar bar Shelemya said to Abaye: If these diners are two brothers, but they are each particular not to let one another eat of his food, what is the halakha ? May they eat separate dishes of meat and cheese at a single table?

אֲמַר לֵיהּ: יֹאמְרוּ כָּל הַסְּרִיקִין אֲסוּרִין וּסְרִיקֵי בַּיְיתוֹס מוּתָּרִין.

Abaye said to him: Your question evokes that of Baitos ben Zunin. The Sages prohibited the baking of elaborately decorated Syrian cakes for Passover, lest people tarry in their preparation and the cakes become leavened. Baitos wished to prepare the cakes in a way that would not lead to a violation of any prohibition, and yet the Sages prohibited it, because people will say: All the decorated Syrian cakes are forbidden, but the Syrian cakes of Baitos are permitted? Here too, to avoid confusion, we will not allow exceptions to the rule.

וּלְטַעֲמִיךְ, הָא דַּאֲמַר רַבִּי אַסִי, אֲמַר רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן: מִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ אֶלָּא חָלוּק אֶחָד – מוּתָּר לְכַבְּסוֹ בְּחוּלּוֹ שֶׁל מוֹעֵד, יֹאמְרוּ:

Rav Yeimar responded: But according to your reasoning, one may refute that which Rabbi Asi said that Rabbi Yoḥanan said: Although the Sages prohibited laundering on the intermediate days of a Festival, one who has only one shirt is permitted to launder it on the intermediate days of a Festival. Here too, one can claim: People will say metaphorically: