In this chapter the Gemara concluded that in a case where a gentile was discovered alone in proximity to a Jew’s wine, if the gentile was presumably concerned that the Jewish owner or supervisor of the wine would discover him, there is no concern that he poured a libation from it. Conversely, if the gentile was alone with the wine for a sufficient amount of time to drink from it or pour a libation from it without worry that he would be discovered, the wine is forbidden. If the wine is sealed in a barrel, it is forbidden only if the gentile was alone with it for sufficient time to open the stopper of the barrel and replace it in a way that it would not be obvious that it had been tampered with. In the case of a military force that entered a town in wartime, although they can do as they please, since they are busy with their military activities there is no concern that they used the wine for libations, and even open barrels are permitted. Since it is prohibited to derive benefit from wine used for a libation, as well as from any other wine belonging to a gentile, it is also prohibited to receive payment for labor pertaining to such wine. Therefore, if a Jew received payment for transporting a gentile’s wine, it is prohibited to derive benefit from the payment earned. This particular stringency does not apply to other items from which it is prohibited to derive benefit. Another unique stringency that applies to a gentile’s wine is that if wine is poured from a Jew’s vessel to a vessel containing a gentile’s wine, all of the wine in the Jew’s vessel is forbidden, as the stream of wine connects between the two vessels. Once a gentile’s wine comes into a Jew’s possession, whether as payment, as a gift, or as an inheritance, and is acquired by him, he may not exchange it for other wine, as this is tantamount to selling wine used for a libation and benefitting from its proceeds. Nevertheless, one may stipulate in advance to receive a permitted item in lieu of an item from which it is prohibited to derive benefit. With regard to mixtures, the chapter concludes that if wine used for a libation, or any other cold forbidden liquid, came into contact with a permitted food, if the permitted food is not absorbent, it is rendered permitted by rinsing alone. If the food is absorbent, e.g., cracked fruits, then in a case where the forbidden substance enhances the taste of the permitted food, the food is forbidden, but if it imparts flavor to the detriment of the permitted food, the mixture is permitted. The chapter discusses several cases of a forbidden food becoming mixed with a permitted food such that they cannot be distinguished from one another. If the two foods are of different types, the mixture is forbidden if the forbidden food imparts flavor to it. This also applies to most cases in which the foods are of the same type. The exceptions are cases of libation wine and teruma: If these forbidden foods are mixed with permitted foods of the same type, any amount of the forbidden food renders the mixture forbidden. There are other types of forbidden foods that are nullified in a mixture by specific proportions. Any forbidden item that is significant enough to be counted on its own and becomes intermingled with a collection of similar permitted items renders the entire collection forbidden, even if there are more than one thousand permitted items intermingled with the forbidden item. A unique halakha applies to metal and glass utensils, used in preparation of meals, that belong to gentiles and are transferred permanently to the possession of a Jew. Such utensils must be immersed in a ritual bath before they may be used. This applies to new utensils as well as used ones. A used utensil must also be purged of the taste of the forbidden foods with which it was presumably used. The principle governing this purging procedure is that a utensil expels taste in the same manner that it absorbed it. If the utensil was used only with cold food, it may be simply washed in cold water. If it was used for cooking, it is purged with hot water. If it was used for grilling over a fire, it must be heated until white-hot.