וַיֵּצְאוּ כָּל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַתִּקָּהֵל הָעֵדָה כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד לְמִדָּן וְעַד בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע וְאֶרֶץ הַגִּלְעָד אֶל ה' הַמִּצְפָּה

In their great outrage, all the children of Israel came out, and the congregation was assembled as one man, from Dan to Beersheba, and the land of Gilad, to the Lord at the Mitzpa.

וַיִּתְיַצְּבוּ פִּנּוֹת כָּל הָעָם כֹּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּקְהַל עַם הָאֱלֹהִים אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף אִישׁ רַגְלִי שֹׁלֵף חָרֶב

The chiefs of all the people, all the tribes of Israel, stood in the assembly of the people of God, four hundred thousand infantrymen, wielders of swords. They had already decided to launch a campaign of retribution against the sinful city. This was one of the largest gatherings of the era, as by that time the tribes had already dispersed to their respective territories.

וַיִּשְׁמְעוּ בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן כִּי עָלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הַמִּצְפָּה וַיֹּאמְרוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל דַּבְּרוּ אֵיכָה נִהְיְתָה הָרָעָה הַזֹּאת

The children of Benjamin heard that the children of Israel had gone up to the Mitzpa. The children of Israel said at the gathering: Before we go to war, speak, how did this evil come to be? We wish to hear the entire story.

וַיַּעַן הָאִישׁ הַלֵּוִי אִישׁ הָאִשָּׁה הַנִּרְצָחָה וַיֹּאמַר הַגִּבְעָתָה אֲשֶׁר לְבִנְיָמִן בָּאתִי אֲנִי וּפִילַגְשִׁי לָלוּן

The Levite, husband of the woman who was murdered, answered and said: I and my concubine came to Giva that is of Benjamin, to stay the night.

וַיָּקֻמוּ עָלַי בַּעֲלֵי הַגִּבְעָה וַיָּסֹבּוּ עָלַי אֶת הַבַּיִת לָיְלָה אוֹתִי דִּמּוּ לַהֲרֹג וְאֶת פִּילַגְשִׁי עִנּוּ וַתָּמֹת

The citizens [ba’alei] of Giva, some of whom apparently maintained a certain degree of local authority, which explains why they are characterized with the term ba’al, owner, rose against me, and they surrounded the house against me at night. They planned to kill me, and they raped my concubine, and she died. Although there was no indication in the story that those men intended to kill him, the term killing may have been employed as a euphemism for sexual assault. Alternatively, he meant that had he confronted them, they would have killed him.

וָאֹחֵז בְּפִילַגְשִׁי וָאֲנַתְּחֶה וָאֲשַׁלְּחֶהָ בְּכָל שְׂדֵה נַחֲלַת יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי עָשׂוּ זִמָּה וּנְבָלָה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל

I took hold of my concubine and cut her in pieces, and I sent her throughout all the territory of the inheritance of Israel, for they have committed lewdness and depravity in Israel.

הִנֵּה כֻלְּכֶם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הָבוּ לָכֶם דָּבָר וְעֵצָה הֲלֹם

Here are all of you, children of Israel, provide decision and counsel here and now.

וַיָּקָם כָּל הָעָם כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד לֵאמֹר לֹא נֵלֵךְ אִישׁ לְאָהֳלוֹ וְלֹא נָסוּר אִישׁ לְבֵיתוֹ

All the people rose as one man, saying: We will not go each to his tent, and we will not turn aside each man to his house, before we implement our decision.

וְעַתָּה זֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר נַעֲשֶׂה לַגִּבְעָה עָלֶיהָ בְּגוֹרָל

Rather, now, this is the action that we will take against Giva: We will go up and fight against it by lot.

וְלָקַחְנוּ עֲשָׂרָה אֲנָשִׁים לַמֵּאָה לְכֹל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמֵאָה לָאֶלֶף וְאֶלֶף לָרְבָבָה לָקַחַת צֵדָה לָעָם לַעֲשׂוֹת לְבוֹאָם לְגֶבַע בִּנְיָמִן כְּכָל הַנְּבָלָה אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל

We will take ten men out of one hundred for all the tribes of Israel, and one hundred of one thousand, and one thousand of ten thousand; in other words, one-tenth of every tribe, who will be tasked to take provisions for the fighting people, to prepare for their arrival in, its invasion of, Geva of Benjamin, because of the depravity that was committed by the residents of Giva, in Israel.

וַיֵּאָסֵף כָּל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל הָעִיר כְּאִישׁ אֶחָד חֲבֵרִים

All the men of Israel gathered at the city as one man, comrades.

וַיִּשְׁלְחוּ שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲנָשִׁים בְּכָל שִׁבְטֵי בִנְיָמִן לֵאמֹר מָה הָרָעָה הַזֹּאת אֲשֶׁר נִהְיְתָה בָּכֶם!

The tribes of Israel sent men through all the regions of the clans of Benjamin, saying: What is this terrible evil that has transpired among you?

וְעַתָּה תְּנוּ אֶת הָאֲנָשִׁים בְּנֵי בְלִיַּעַל אֲשֶׁר בַּגִּבְעָה וּנְמִיתֵם וּנְבַעֲרָה רָעָה מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא אָבוּ בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן לִשְׁמֹעַ בְּקוֹל אֲחֵיהֶם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל

Now, as a gesture that you wish to cleanse this stain, deliver the wicked men who are in Giva, and we will put them to death, and we will eliminate evil from Israel. But the children of Benjamin were unwilling to heed the voice of their brethren, the children of Israel.

וַיֵּאָסְפוּ בְנֵי בִנְיָמִן מִן הֶעָרִים הַגִּבְעָתָה לָצֵאת לַמִּלְחָמָה עִם בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל

The children of Benjamin gathered from the cities to Giva to go out to war against the children of Israel.

וַיִּתְפָּקְדוּ בְנֵי בִנְיָמִן בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא מהֶעָרִים עֶשְׂרִים וְשִׁשָּׁה אֶלֶף אִישׁ שֹׁלֵף חָרֶב לְבַד מִיֹּשְׁבֵי הַגִּבְעָה הִתְפָּקְדוּ שְׁבַע מֵאוֹת אִישׁ בָּחוּר

The children of Benjamin mustered on that day from all the cities, twenty-six thousand men, wielders of swords, besides the inhabitants of Giva, who were mustered, seven hundred select men. Benjamin had no choice but to send all their able men.

מִכֹּל הָעָם הַזֶּה שְׁבַע מֵאוֹת אִישׁ בָּחוּר אִטֵּר יַד יְמִינוֹ כָּל זֶה קֹלֵעַ בָּאֶבֶן אֶל הַשַּׂעֲרָה וְלֹא יַחֲטִא

Among all these people, seven hundred select men were left-handed, all of whom could sling a stone at a hair and not miss.

וְאִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל הִתְפָּקְדוּ לְבַד מִבִּנְיָמִן אַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת אֶלֶף אִישׁ שֹׁלֵף חָרֶב כָּל זֶה אִישׁ מִלְחָמָה

The men of Israel, from all the tribes besides Benjamin, were mustered, four hundred thousand men, wielders of swords; all these were men of war.

וַיָּקֻמוּ וַיַּעֲלוּ בֵית אֵל וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ בֵאלֹהִים וַיֹּאמְרוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מִי יַעֲלֶה לָּנוּ בַתְּחִלָּה לַמִּלְחָמָה עִם בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן וַיֹּאמֶר ה' יְהוּדָה בַתְּחִלָּה

The children of Israel rose and went up to Beit El; they inquired of God, apparently by means of the Urim and the Tumim, and said: Who shall go up for us first to the war against the children of Benjamin? They did not ask whether they should go to war, or if they would win, as they were confident with regard to these matters. They merely sought to determine which tribe should attack first. Since the army of Benjamin was less than one-tenth of the size of the Israelite forces, they were certain that it was not necessary for all of the Israelites to participate in the initial attack. The Lord said: Judah should go first into battle.

וַיָּקוּמוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּבֹּקֶר וַיַּחֲנוּ עַל הַגִּבְעָה

The children of Israel rose in the morning, and they encamped against Giva.

וַיֵּצֵא אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל לַמִּלְחָמָה עִם בִּנְיָמִן וַיַּעַרְכוּ אִתָּם אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִלְחָמָה אֶל הַגִּבְעָה

The men of Israel went out to war against Benjamin, and the men of Israel deployed against them for war at Giva.

וַיֵּצְאוּ בְנֵי בִנְיָמִן מִן הַגִּבְעָה וַיַּשְׁחִיתוּ בְיִשְׂרָאֵל בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא שְׁנַיִם וְעֶשְׂרִים אֶלֶף אִישׁ אָרְצָה

The children of Benjamin emerged fearlessly from Giva, and on that day they destroyed to the ground twenty-two thousand men in Israel. They successfully defeated the invaders from Judah, killing many of their soldiers.

וַיִּתְחַזֵּק הָעָם אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּסִפוּ לַעֲרֹךְ מִלְחָמָה בַּמָּקוֹם אֲשֶׁר עָרְכוּ שָׁם בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן

The people, the men of Israel, rallied themselves and continued to deploy for war; they prepared to fight once more in the place where they had deployed on the first day.

וַיַּעֲלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּבְכּוּ לִפְנֵי ה' עַד הָעֶרֶב וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ בַה' לֵאמֹר הַאוֹסִיף לָגֶשֶׁת לַמִּלְחָמָה עִם בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן אָחִי וַיֹּאמֶר ה' עֲלוּ אֵלָיו

The children of Israel went up and wept before the Lord until evening. They inquired of the Lord, saying: Shall I continue to go ahead with the war against the children of Benjamin my brother? The Lord said: Go up against him.

וַיִּקְרְבוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן בַּיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי

The children of Israel advanced against the children of Benjamin on the second day.

וַיֵּצֵא בִנְיָמִן לִקְרָאתָם מִן הַגִּבְעָה בַּיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי וַיַּשְׁחִיתוּ בִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עוֹד שְׁמֹנַת עָשָׂר אֶלֶף אִישׁ אָרְצָה כָּל אֵלֶּה שֹׁלְפֵי חָרֶב

Benjamin emerged against them from Giva on the second day, and they destroyed to the ground an additional eighteen thousand men of the children of Israel, all these wielders of swords.

וַיַּעֲלוּ כָל בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְכָל הָעָם וַיָּבֹאוּ בֵית אֵל וַיִּבְכּוּ וַיֵּשְׁבוּ שָׁם לִפְנֵי ה' וַיָּצוּמוּ בַיּוֹם הַהוּא עַד הָעָרֶב וַיַּעֲלוּ עֹלוֹת וּשְׁלָמִים לִפְנֵי ה'

All the children of Israel, and all the people, went up and came to Beit El; they wept, and stayed there before the Lord, and fasted on that day until evening; they offered up burnt offerings and peace offerings before the Lord. It is possible that they felt the need to atone for their excessive confidence in their strength, and their own lapses into idol worship, as well as to thank God for the survivors of the first battles.

וַיִּשְׁאֲלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּה' וְשָׁם אֲרוֹן בְּרִית הָאֱלֹהִים בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם

The children of Israel inquired of the Lord, and the Ark of the Covenant of God was there in those days;

וּפִינְחָס בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן אַהֲרֹן עֹמֵד לְפָנָיו בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם לֵאמֹר הַאוֹסִף עוֹד לָצֵאת לַמִּלְחָמָה עִם בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן אָחִי אִם אֶחְדָּל וַיֹּאמֶר ה' עֲלוּ כִּי מָחָר אֶתְּנֶנּוּ בְיָדֶךָ

Pinhas, son of Elazar, son of Aaron, stood before it in those days, and it was he who consulted the Urim and the Tumim. Through Pinhas they asked God, saying: Shall I yet continue to go out to war against the children of Benjamin my brother, or shall I cease? The Lord said: Go up, for tomorrow I will deliver him into your hand, you will defeat them.

וַיָּשֶׂם יִשְׂרָאֵל אֹרְבִים אֶל הַגִּבְעָה סָבִיב

Israel positioned ambushers against Giva all around.

וַיַּעֲלוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁלִישִׁי וַיַּעַרְכוּ אֶל הַגִּבְעָה כְּפַעַם בְּפָעַם

The children of Israel went up against the children of Benjamin on the third day, and they deployed against Giva as they had at the other times, in the two previous battles.

וַיֵּצְאוּ בְנֵי בִנְיָמִן לִקְרַאת הָעָם הָנְתְּקוּ מִן הָעִיר מִן הָעִיר וַיָּחֵלּוּ לְהַכּוֹת מֵהָעָם חֲלָלִים כְּפַעַם בְּפַעַם בַּמְסִלּוֹת אֲשֶׁר אַחַת עֹלָה בֵית אֵל וְאַחַת גִּבְעָתָה בַּשָּׂדֶה כִּשְׁלֹשִׁים אִישׁ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל

The children of Benjamin emerged toward the people; they were cut off from the city. This type of subterfuge, which will be described in detail below (verses 32–43), was repeated several times in the wars of Israel. The Israelite army fled, pretending that they were defeated, thereby distancing the army of Benjamin from their city. They, the army of Benjamin, began to strike down casualties from the people, as at the other times, the first two battles, on the highways, one of which goes up to Beit El, and one to Giva in the field. Some thirty men of Israel were killed.

וַיֹּאמְרוּ בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן נִגָּפִים הֵם לְפָנֵינוּ כְּבָרִאשֹׁנָה וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אָמְרוּ נָנוּסָה וּנְתַקְּנֻהוּ מִן הָעִיר אֶל הַמְסִלּוֹת

The children of Benjamin said to themselves: They are routed before us, like the first time. But the children of Israel said to each other: Let us flee, and we will thereby cut them off from the city to the highways.

וְכֹל אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל קָמוּ מִמְּקוֹמוֹ וַיַּעַרְכוּ בְּבַעַל תָּמָר וְאֹרֵב יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵגִיחַ מִמְּקֹמוֹ מִמַּעֲרֵה גָבַע

Then every man of the rest of Israel rose from his place, and they deployed in Baal Tamar; and the ambushers of Israel surged from their place, from the pasture of Geva;

וַיָּבֹאוּ מִנֶּגֶד לַגִּבְעָה עֲשֶׂרֶת אֲלָפִים אִישׁ בָּחוּר מִכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְהַמִּלְחָמָה כָּבֵדָה וְהֵם לֹא יָדְעוּ כִּי נֹגַעַת עֲלֵיהֶם הָרָעָה

they came opposite Giva, from an unanticipated direction, a fresh force of ten thousand select men from all of Israel, and the fighting was intense. They, Benjamin, did not know that harm was approaching them.

וַיִּגֹּף ה' אֶת בִּנְיָמִן לִפְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּשְׁחִיתוּ בְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּבִנְיָמִן בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא עֶשְׂרִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה אֶלֶף וּמֵאָה אִישׁ כָּל אֵלֶּה שֹׁלֵף חָרֶב

The Lord routed Benjamin before Israel, and the children of Israel destroyed in Benjamin twenty-five thousand one hundred men on that day, all these wielders of swords. The majority of the Benjamite soldiers fell in this battle.

וַיִּרְאוּ בְנֵי בִנְיָמִן כִּי נִגָּפוּ

The children of Benjamin saw that they were routed. The text describes their defeat in greater detail: And the men of Israel made room for Benjamin to attack them, thereby drawing them away from the city, because they relied on the ambushers whom they had positioned against Giva.

וַיִּתְּנוּ אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל מָקוֹם לְבִנְיָמִן כִּי בָטְחוּ אֶל הָאֹרֵב אֲשֶׁר שָׂמוּ אֶל הַגִּבְעָה והָאֹרֵב הֵחִישׁוּ וַיִּפְשְׁטוּ אֶל הַגִּבְעָה וַיִּמְשֹׁךְ הָאֹרֵב וַיַּךְ אֶת כָּל הָעִיר לְפִי חָרֶב

In the meantime, the ambushers quickly attacked toward Giva; the ambushers went around and smote the entire city by the sword.

וְהַמּוֹעֵד הָיָה לְאִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל עִם הָאֹרֵב הֶרֶב לְהַעֲלוֹתָם מַשְׂאַת הֶעָשָׁן מִן הָעִיר

The appointed, predetermined signal for the main force of the men of Israel with the ambushers, after the ambushers would penetrate the city, was the raising of a column of much smoke from the city.

וַיַּהֲפֹךְ אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּמִּלְחָמָה וּבִנְיָמִן הֵחֵל לְהַכּוֹת חֲלָלִים בְּאִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּשְׁלֹשִׁים אִישׁ כִּי אָמְרוּ אַךְ נִגּוֹף נִגָּף הוּא לְפָנֵינוּ כַּמִּלְחָמָה הָרִאשֹׁנָה

The men of Israel turned around in the battle, in apparent retreat, and Benjamin began to smite casualties from the men of Israel, some thirty men, for they said: They are routed before us, as in the first battle.

וְהַמַּשְׂאֵת הֵחֵלָּה לַעֲלוֹת מִן הָעִיר עַמּוּד עָשָׁן וַיִּפֶן בִּנְיָמִן אַחֲרָיו וְהִנֵּה עָלָה כְלִיל הָעִיר הַשָּׁמָיְמָה

The column began to rise from the city, a column of smoke, and Benjamin turned around, and behold, the city went up completely to the heavens.

וְאִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָפַךְ וַיִּבָּהֵל אִישׁ בִּנְיָמִן כִּי רָאָה כִּי נָגְעָה עָלָיו הָרָעָה

The men of Israel turned around to attack, and the men of Benjamin panicked, as they saw that harm was approaching them, as they were surrounded on both sides.

וַיִּפְנוּ לִפְנֵי אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶל דֶּרֶךְ הַמִּדְבָּר וְהַמִּלְחָמָה הִדְבִּיקָתְהוּ וַאֲשֶׁר מֵהֶעָרִים מַשְׁחִיתִים אוֹתוֹ בְּתוֹכוֹ

They turned from before the men of Israel to the way of the wilderness, but the battle overtook them, as the Israelites overtook them. And those from the cities, all the cities in the area of the wilderness, destroyed them, the camp of Benjamin, within it.

כִּתְּרוּ אֶת בִּנְיָמִן הִרְדִיפֻהוּ מְנוּחָה הִדְרִיכֻהוּ עַד נֹכַח הַגִּבְעָה מִמִּזְרַח שָׁמֶשׁ

They surrounded Benjamin; alternatively, they lay in wait for the tribe of Benjamin, and pursued it, and at Menuha, or at their resting place [menuḥa], they trampled it, until opposite Giva toward the rising sun, the east. In the Hebrew, this verse has a clear poetic rhythm.

וַיִּפְּלוּ מִבִּנְיָמִן שְׁמֹנָה עָשָׂר אֶלֶף אִישׁ אֶת כָּל אֵלֶּה אַנְשֵׁי חָיִל

Eighteen thousand men fell from Benjamin, all these fallen were men of valor.

וַיִּפְנוּ וַיָּנֻסוּ הַמִּדְבָּרָה אֶל סֶלַע הָרִמּוֹן וַיְעֹלְלֻהוּ בַּמְסִלּוֹת חֲמֵשֶׁת אֲלָפִים אִישׁ וַיַּדְבִּיקוּ אַחֲרָיו עַד גִּדְעֹם וַיַּכּוּ מִמֶּנּוּ אַלְפַּיִם אִישׁ

They turned and fled to the wilderness, to the rock of Rimon. They, the Israelite soldiers, killed those remaining on the highways, five thousand men, and they pursued them until Gidom, a place whose exact location is unknown; they smote from them another two thousand men.

וַיְהִי כָל הַנֹּפְלִים מִבִּנְיָמִן עֶשְׂרִים וַחֲמִשָּׁה אֶלֶף אִישׁ שֹׁלֵף חֶרֶב בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא אֶת כָּל אֵלֶּה אַנְשֵׁי חָיִל

All the fallen from Benjamin that day were twenty-five thousand men, wielders of swords. Once again, the verse stresses that all these fallen were men of valor.

וַיִּפְנוּ וַיָּנֻסוּ הַמִּדְבָּרָה אֶל סֶלַע הָרִמּוֹן שֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת אִישׁ וַיֵּשְׁבוּ בְּסֶלַע רִמּוֹן אַרְבָּעָה חֳדָשִׁים

When the children of Benjamin saw that they were defeated, they turned and fled to the wilderness, to the rock of Rimon, six hundred surviving men, and they dwelled at the rock of Rimon for four months. They hid between the cliffs. The children of Israel chose not to continue to pursue them.

ואִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁבוּ אֶל בְּנֵי בִנְיָמִן וַיַּכּוּם לְפִי חֶרֶב מֵעִיר מְתֹם עַד בְּהֵמָה עַד כָּל הַנִּמְצָא גַּם כָּל הֶעָרִים הַנִּמְצָאוֹת שִׁלְּחוּ בָאֵשׁ

After the soldiers of Benjamin were almost completely eliminated, the men of Israel returned to the children of Benjamin who were not combatants, and they smote them by the sword, from populated cities to animals to everything that was found there. Also, all the cities that were found they set on fire.